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control surfaces and linkages from damage from wind some aircraft have gust locks fitted as part of the control system 7 increases in the control surface area and the higher airspeeds required by faster aircraft resulted in higher aerodynamic loads on the flight control systems as a result the forces required to move them also become significantly larger consequently complicated mechanical gearing arrangements were developed to extract maximum mechanical advantage in order to reduce the forces required from the pilots 8 this arrangement can be found on bigger or higher performance propeller aircraft such as the fokker 50 some mechanical flight control systems use servo tabs that provide aerodynamic assistance servo tabs are small surfaces hinged to the control surfaces the flight control mechanisms move these tabs aerodynamic forces in turn move or assist the movement of the control surfaces reducing the amount of mechanical forces needed this arrangement was used in early piston engined transport aircraft and in early jet transports 9 the boeing 737 incorporates a system whereby in the unlikely event of total hydraulic system failure it automatically and seamlessly reverts to being controlled via servo tab hydro mechanical edit hydromechanical designs consisting of a mechanical circuit and a hydraulic circuit were used to reduce the complexity weight and limitations of mechanical flight controls systems 10 the complexity and weight of mechanical flight control systems increase considerably with the size and performance of the aircraft hydraulically powered control surfaces help to overcome these limitations with hydraulic flight control systems the aircraft s size and performance are limited by economics rather than a pilot s muscular strength at first only partially boosted systems were used in which the pilot could still feel some of the aerodynamic loads on the control surfaces feedback 8 a hydro mechanical flight control system has two parts the mechanical circuit which links the cockpit controls with the hydraulic circuits like the mechanical flight control system it consists of rods cables pulleys and sometimes chains the hydraulic circuit which has hydraulic pumps reservoirs filters pipes valves and actuators the actuators are powered by the hydraulic pressure generated by the pumps in the hydraulic circuit the actuators convert hydraulic pressure into control surface movements the electro hydraulic servo valves control the movement of the actuators the pilot s movement of a control causes the mechanical circuit to open the matching servo valve in the hydraulic circuit the hydraulic circuit powers the actuators which then move the control surfaces as the actuator moves the servo valve is closed by a mechanical feedback linkage one that stops movement of the control surface at the desired position this arrangement was found in the older designed jet transports and in some high performance aircraft examples include the antonov an 225 and the lockheed sr 71 artificial feel devices edit with purely mechanical flight control systems the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot allowing tactile feedback of airspeed with hydromechanical flight control systems the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement to overcome this problem artificial feel systems can be used for example for the controls of the raf s avro vulcan jet bomber and the rcaf s avro canada cf 105 arrow supersonic interceptor both 1950s era designs the required force feedback was achieved by a spring device 11 the fulcrum of this device was moved in proportion to the square of the air speed for the elevators to give increased resistance at higher speeds for the controls of the american vought f 8 crusader and the ltv a 7 corsair ii warplanes a bob weight was used in the pitch axis of the control stick giving force feedback that was proportional to the airplane s normal acceleration citation needed stick shaker edit main article stick shaker a stick shaker is a device that is attached to the control column in some hydraulic aircraft it shakes the control column when the aircraft is approaching stall conditions some aircraft such as the mcdonnell douglas dc 10 are equipped with a back up electrical power supply that can be activated to enable the stick shaker in case of hydraulic failure 12 power by wire edit in most current systems the power is provided to the control actuators by high pressure hydraulic systems in fly by wire systems the valves which control these systems are activated by electrical signals in power by wire systems electrical actuators are used in favour of hydraulic pistons the power is carried to the actuators by electrical cables these are lighter than hydraulic pipes easier to install and maintain and more reliable elements of the f 35 flight control system are power by wire 13 14 15 the actuators in such an electro hydrostatic actuation eha system are self contained hydraulic devices small closed circuit hydraulic systems the overall aim is towards more or all electric aircraft and an early example of the approach was the avro vulcan serious consideration was given to using the approach on the airbus a380 16 fly by wire control systems edit main article fly by wire a fly by wire fbw system replaces manual flight control of an aircraft with an electronic interface the movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals transmitted by wires hence the term fly by wire and flight control computers determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the expected response commands from the computers are also input without the pilot s knowledge to stabilize the aircraft and perform other tasks electronics for aircraft flight control systems are part of the field known as avionics fly by optics also known as fly by light is a further development using fiber optic cables research edit several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of flight control systems such as ailerons elevators elevons flaps and flaperons into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less mass cost drag inertia for faster stronger control response complexity mechanically simpler fewer moving parts or surfaces less maintenance and radar cross section for stealth these may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles uavs and 6th generation fighter aircraft two promising approaches are flexible wings and fluidics flexible wings edit main article flexible wing in flexible wings also known as morphing aerofoils much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow much like an ornithopter adaptive compliant wings are a military and commercial effort 17 18 19 the x 53 active aeroelastic wing was a us air force nasa and boeing effort notable efforts have also been made by flexsys who have conducted flight tests using flexible aerofoils retrofitted to a gulf stream iii aircraft 20 active flow control edit in active flow control systems forces in vehicles occur via circulation control in which larger and more complex mechanical parts are replaced by smaller simpler fluidic systems slots which emit air flows where larger forces in fluids are diverted by smaller jets or flows of fluid intermittently to change the direction of vehicles 21 22 in this use active flow control promises simplicity and lower mass costs up to half less and inertia and response times this was demonstrated in the demon uav which flew for the first time in the uk in september 2010 23 see also edit dual control aviation flight envelope protection flight with disabled controls helicopter flight controls hotas kite control systems list of airliner crashes involving loss of control matthew piers watt boulton inventor of the aileron 1868 thrust vectoring weight shift control wing warping an early method for controlling roll references edit notes edit stengel robert f 2022 flight dynamics 2nd ed princeton university press pp 650 832 isbn 9780691237046 crouch tom 1982 blériot xi the story of a classic aircraft smithsonian institution press pp 21 22 isbn 978 0 87474 345 6 1 2 langewiesche wolfgang stick and rudder an explanation of the art of flying mcgraw hill professional 1990 isbn 0 07 036240 8 isbn 978 0 07 036240 6 control surfaces directly controlled using cables archived from the original on 2017 02 02 retrieved 2017 01 25 thom 1988 p 87 taylor 1990 p 116 thom 1988 p 153 1 2 taylor 1990 p 118 thom 1988 p 86 pilot s handbook of aeronautical knowledge federal aviation administration 2016 08 24 p 6 2 the arrowheads pages 57 58 83 85 for cf 105 arrow only daniels taumi regarding pilot usage of display technologies for improving awareness of aircraft system states pdf nasa langley research center power by wire avionics may 2001 archived from the original on 2017 06 27 retrieved 2018 08 09 maré jean charles fu jian 2017 review on signal by wire and power by wire actuation for more electric aircraft chinese journal of aeronautics 30 3 857 870 bibcode 2017chjan 30 857m doi 10 1016 j cja 2017 03 013 c 141 and c 130 power by wire flight control systems ieee conference publication may 1991 535 539 vol 2 doi 10 1109 naecon 1991 165802 s2cid 109026952 cite journal cite journal requires journal help a380 more electric aircraft avionics october 2001 archived from the original on 2018 08 12 retrieved 2018 08 12 scott william b 27 november 2006 morphing wings aviation week space technology archived from the original on 2011 04 26 retrieved 2011 04 26 flexsys inc aerospace archived from the original on 16 june 2011 retrieved 26 april 2011 kota sridhar osborn russell ervin gregory maric dragan flick peter paul donald mission adaptive compliant wing design fabrication and flight test pdf ann arbor mi dayton oh u s a flexsys inc air force research laboratory archived from the original pdf on 22 march 2012 retrieved 26 april 2011 flexfoil flexsys retrieved 2022 01 22 p john 2010 the flapless air vehicle integrated industrial research flaviir programme in aeronautical engineering proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers part g journal of aerospace engineering 224 4 london mechanical engineering publications 355 363 doi 10 1243 09544100jaero580 hdl 1826 5579 issn 0954 4100 s2cid 56205932 archived from the original on 2018 05 17 showcase uav demonstrates flapless flight bae systems 2010 archived from the original on 2011 07 07 retrieved 2010 12 22 demon uav jets into history by flying without flaps metro co uk london associated newspapers limited 28 september 2010 archived from the original on 2011 08 23 retrieved 29 september 2010 bibliography edit spitzer cary r the avionics handbook crc press isbn 0 8493 8348 x taylor john w r the lore of flight london universal books ltd 1990 isbn 0 9509620 1 5 the arrowheads richard organ ron page don watson les wilkinson avro arrow the story of the avro arrow from its evolution to its extinction erin ontario canada boston mills press 1980 revised edition 2004 isbn 1 55046 047 1 thom trevor the air pilot s manual 4 the aeroplane technical 1988 shrewsbury shropshire england airlife publishing ltd isbn 1 85310 017 x usaf nato report rto tr 015 ac 323 hfm 015 tp 1 2001 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to aircraft flight control systems touchdown the development of propulsion controlled aircraft at nasa dryden by tom tucker v t e aircraft components and systems airframe structure aft pressure bulkhead cabane strut canopy crack arrestor cruciform tail dope empennage fabric covering fairing flying wires former fuselage hardpoint interplane strut jury strut leading edge lift strut longeron nacelle rib spar stabilizer stressed skin strut t tail tailplane trailing edge triple tail twin tail v tail vertical stabilizer wing root wing tip wingbox flight controls aileron airbrake artificial feel autopilot canard centre stick deceleron dive brake dual control electro hydraulic actuator elevator elevon flaperon flight control modes fly by wire gust lock hotas rudder rudder pedals servo tab side stick spoiler spoileron stabilator stick pusher stick shaker trim tab wing warping yaw damper yoke aerodynamic and high lift devices active aeroelastic wing adaptive compliant wing anti shock body blown flap channel wing dog tooth drag reducing aerospike flap gouge flap gurney flap krueger flap leading edge cuff leading edge droop flap lex slats slot stall strips strake variable sweep wing vortex generator vortilon wing fence winglet avionic and flight instrument systems acas air data boom air data computer aircraft periscope airspeed indicator altimeter annunciator panel astrodome attitude indicator compass course deviation indicator efis eicas flight management system glass cockpit gps head up display heading indicator horizontal situation indicator ins isis multi function display pitot static system radar altimeter tcas transponder turn and slip indicator variometer yaw string propulsion controls devices and fuel systems autothrottle drop tank fadec fuel tank gascolator inlet cone intake ramp naca cowling naca duct self sealing fuel tank splitter plate throttle thrust lever thrust reversal townend ring war emergency power wet wing landing and arresting gear aircraft tire arrestor hook autobrake conventional landing gear drogue parachute landing gear landing gear extender oleo strut tricycle landing gear tundra tire escape systems ejection seat escape crew capsule other systems aircraft lavatory auxiliary power unit bleed air system deicing boot emergency oxygen system environmental control system flight recorder hydraulic system ice protection system in flight entertainment system landing lights navigation light passenger service unit ram air turbine authority control databases national united states israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title aircraft_flight_control_system oldid 1367132861 category flight control systems hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from december 2025 all articles needing additional references all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from march 2012 articles with unsourced statements from july 2010 cs1 errors missing periodical commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 1 august 2026 at 04 54 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety 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