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r routes so fewer aircraft are needed 3 the system can also increase the passenger load factor and facilitate larger and more efficient aircraft a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub but also passengers originating at multiple spoke cities 4 additional employees and facilities are needed at the hub to cater to connecting passengers to serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand an airline requires several aircraft types and specific training and equipment are necessary for each type 3 in addition airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports 4 5 for the passenger the hub and spoke system offers one stop air service to a wide array of destinations 3 6 the downside is having to make a connection which increases travel time compared to a direct flight 6 additionally airlines can come to monopolise their hubs fortress hubs allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative 4 high domestic connectivity in the united states is achieved through airport location and hub dominance the top 10 megahubs in the us are dominated by american airlines delta air lines and united airlines three of the four largest united states based airlines 7 banking edit airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time the banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs and the non banks as valleys banking allows for short connection times for passengers 8 however an airline must assemble many resources to cater to the influx of flights during a bank and having several aircraft on the ground at the same time can lead to congestion and delays 9 in addition banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank 9 10 instead some airlines have debanked their hubs introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day this phenomenon is also known as depeaking 10 while costs may decrease connection times are longer at a rolling hub 9 american airlines was the first to depeak its hubs 9 trying to improve profitability following the september 11 attacks 8 it rebanked its hubs in 2015 however feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs 8 for example the hub of qatar airways in doha airport has 471 daily movements to 140 destinations by march 2020 with an average of 262 seats per movement in three main waves 05 00 09 00 132 movements 16 00 21 00 128 and 23 00 03 00 132 allowing around 30 million connecting passengers in 2019 11 history edit united states edit before the us airline industry was deregulated in 1978 most airlines operated under the point to point system with a notable exception being pan am 4 the civil aeronautics board dictated which routes an airline could fly at the same time however some airlines began to experiment with the hub and spoke system delta air lines was the first to implement such a system providing service to remote spoke cities from its atlanta hub 6 after deregulation many airlines quickly established hub and spoke route networks of their own 3 us major top 30 airports thousands of departing passengers 2024 12 airport 2024 pax american delta united southwest atlanta 52 510 984 38 660 853 3 839 dallas fort worth 42 390 28 451 1 420 984 0 chicago o hare 38 620 8 048 1 296 14 477 777 los angeles 37 864 5 238 6 341 5 481 3 312 denver 37 840 1 262 1 726 15 585 12 524 new york jfk 31 304 3 224 7 817 0 0 charlotte 28 508 19 857 555 453 393 las vegas 28 024 2 181 2 498 2 034 10 552 orlando 27 839 2 181 2 498 2 034 10 552 miami 26 454 15 174 1 791 898 736 phoenix sky harbor 25 573 8 411 1 703 1 441 8 342 seattle tacoma c 25 428 936 5 128 1 274 1 079 san francisco 25 129 1 653 1 943 10 732 984 newark 24 553 1 034 814 14 282 0 houston intercontinental 23 377 961 963 13 093 298 boston 21 217 2 456 4 300 1 765 932 minneapolis st paul 18 018 627 10 567 657 859 fort lauderdale 17 050 960 1 992 1 173 1 950 new york laguardia 16 714 2 137 3 776 1 024 1 627 detroit 16 083 712 9 050 246 516 philadelphia 15 082 7 536 834 558 680 salt lake city 13 529 607 7 838 506 1 469 baltimore 13 159 532 778 502 9 331 washington dc dulles 13 065 113 376 6 623 164 san diego 12 752 1 497 1 524 1 543 3 991 washington dc reagan 12 733 3 463 1 200 732 1 855 tampa 12 043 1 790 2 050 1 213 2 992 nashville 12 035 1 102 1 155 762 6 326 austin 10 664 1 926 1 444 1 179 4 418 chicago midway 10 391 0 150 0 9 241 middle east edit emirates aircraft at dubai international airport in 1974 the governments of bahrain oman qatar and the united arab emirates took control of gulf air from the british overseas airways corporation boac gulf air became the flag carrier of the four middle eastern nations it linked oman qatar and the uae to its bahrain hub from which it offered flights to destinations throughout europe and asia in the uae gulf air focused on abu dhabi rather than dubai contrary to the aspirations of uae prime minister mohammed bin rashid al maktoum to transform the latter into a world class metropolis sheikh mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in dubai emirates which launched operations in 1985 14 elsewhere in the middle east region qatar and oman decided to create their own airlines as well qatar airways and oman air were both founded in 1993 with hubs at doha and muscat respectively as the new airlines grew their home nations relied less on gulf air to provide air service qatar withdrew its share in gulf air in 2002 in 2003 the uae formed another national airline etihad airways which is based in abu dhabi the country exited gulf air in 2006 and oman followed in 2007 14 gulf air therefore became fully owned by the government of bahrain emirates qatar airways saudia and etihad airways have since established large hubs at their respective home airports the hubs which benefit from their proximity to large population centres 14 have become popular stopover points on trips between europe and asia for example 15 their rapid growth has impacted the development of traditional hubs such as london heathrow paris charles de gaulle and new york jfk 16 types of hubs edit fedex express aircraft at memphis international airport cargo hubs and scissor hubs edit a cargo hub is an airport that primarily is operated by a cargo airline that uses the hub and spoke system in the united states two of the largest cargo hub airports fedex s memphis superhub and ups louisville worldport are close to the mean center of the united states population fedex s airline fedex express established its memphis hub in 1973 prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the united states the system has created an efficient delivery system for the airline 17 ups airlines has followed a similar pattern in louisville in europe asl airlines cargolux and dhl aviation follow a similar strategy and operate their primary hubs at liège luxembourg and leipzig respectively 18 additionally ted stevens international airport in anchorage alaska is a frequent stop over hub for many cargo airlines flying between asia and north america most cargo airlines only stop in anchorage for refueling and customs but fedex and ups frequently use anchorage to sort trans pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs 19 passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the fedex and ups hubs are often regarded as scissor hubs as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and after a passenger transit period repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane 20 in past air india operated a scissor hub at london s heathrow airport where passengers from delhi ahmedabad and mumbai could continue onto a flight to newark 21 until its grounding jet airways operated a similar scissor hub at amsterdam airport schiphol to transport passengers from bangalore mumbai and delhi to toronto pearson and vice versa at the peak of operations at their former scissor hub at brussels prior to the 2016 shift to schiphol flights operated from mumbai delhi and chennai and continued onward to toronto new york and newark after a near simultaneous stopover in brussels and vice versa 22 an international scissor hub could be used for third and fourth freedom flights or it could be used for fifth freedom flights for which a precursor is a bilateral treaty between two country pairs westjet used to utilize st john s as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from ottawa toronto and orlando and outbound to dublin and london gatwick qantas similarly used to utilize los angeles international airport as a scissor hub for flights inbound from melbourne brisbane or sydney where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to new york jfk focus city edit the focus cities of jetblue are boston fort lauderdale los angeles new york jfk orlando and san juan 23 in the airline industry a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates limited point to point routes 24 a focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers 25 26 although the term focus city is used mainly to refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point to point routes its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small scale hub as well 27 for example even though jetblue s operations at new york jfk resemble that of a hub the airline still refers to it as a focus city 9 fortress hub edit a fortress hub is an airport where a single airline dominates the market making it challenging for competitors to establish a foothold 28 this term is commonly used in the united states where the airlines with the largest fortress hubs are delta air lines at hartsfield jackson atlanta international airport american airlines at dallas fort worth international airport and united airlines at newark liberty international airport most national flag carriers maintain a similarly dominant presence at their countries primary international airport benefiting from historical advantages and market influence examples include aegean airlines in athens aeroflot at moscow sheremetyevo aeromexico in mexico city air canada at toronto pearson air france at paris charles de gaulle austrian airlines at vienna international airport avianca at bogotá el dorado british airways at london heathrow cathay pacific in hong kong china airlines at taipei taoyuan copa airlines in panama city el al in ben gurion airport emirates in dubai etihad airways in abu dhabi ethiopian airlines in addis ababa finnair in helsinki iberia in madrid icelandair in keflavik iran air at tehran imam khomeini ita airways in rome japan airlines at tokyo haneda korean air at seoul incheon klm in amsterdam lot in warsaw lufthansa in frankfurt malaysia airlines at kuala lumpur international qantas in sydney qatar airways in doha singapore airlines in singapore south african airways in johannesburg swiss international air lines in zurich tap air portugal in lisbon turkish airlines in istanbul primary and secondary hubs edit a primary hub is the main hub for an airline however as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations it may elect to open secondary hubs examples of such hubs are air canada s hubs at montréal trudeau and vancouver british airways hub at london gatwick air india s hub at mumbai korean air s hub at busan and lufthansa s hub at munich by operating multiple hubs airlines can expand their geographic reach 29 they can also better serve spoke spoke markets providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs 1 cargo airlines like fedex express and ups airlines also operate secondary hubs to an extent but these are primarily used to serve regional high demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel an example of this would be fedex transiting a package through oakland international airport when shipping packages between destinations near seattle and phoenix arizona instead of sending deliveries through the memphis superhub 19 reliever hub edit a given hub s capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub a reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline it can bypass the congested hub it can absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub and it can schedule new o d city pairs for connecting traffic one of the most recognized examples of this model is delta air lines and american airlines uses of laguardia airport as a domestic hub in new york city due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at john f kennedy international airport many regional flights operate out of laguardia while most international and long haul domestic flights remain at jfk lufthansa operates a similar model of business with its hubs at frankfurt airport and munich airport generally speaking a marginal majority of the airline s long haul flights are based out of frankfurt while a similarly sized but smaller minority are based out of munich moonlight hub edit in past history carriers have maintained niche time of day operations at hubs the most notable was america west s use of las vegas as a primary night flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers see also edit hidden city ticketing list of former airline hubs list of hub airports point to point transit transport hub notes edit colloquially an airline hub may be defined as an airport that receives many passengers or as an airport that serves as the operating base of an airline whether or not the airline allows for connecting traffic 1 the federal aviation administration of the united states defines a hub in terms of passenger enplanements specifically a hub is an airport that handles 0 05 or more of the nation s annual passenger boardings 1 2 alaska airlines 11 4 13 references edit 1 2 3 holloway stephen 2008 straight and level practical airline economics 3rd ed ashgate publishing pp 376 378 isbn 9780754672562 archived from the original on 8 may 2018 airport categories federal aviation administration 3 march 2016 archived from the original on 28 may 2016 retrieved 30 may 2016 1 2 3 4 cook gerald goodwin jeremy 2008 airline networks a comparison of hub and spoke and point to point systems journal of aviation aerospace education research 17 2 embry riddle aeronautical university 52 54 archived from the original on 23 september 2015 retrieved 28 may 2016 1 2 3 4 airline deregulation and hub and spoke networks the geography of transport systems hofstra university archived from the original on 5 april 2016 retrieved 28 may 2016 schmidt william 14 november 1985 deregulation cha...