Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, alemanni, the, of, sources, contents, name, relationship, with, suebi, prehistory, earliest, mentions, caracalla, campaign, 213, invasions, italy, 250, 280, tetrarchy, period, 289, 305, constantine, alamannia, 306, 337, constantinian, dynasty, 354, 361, conflicts, under, valentinian, gratian, 364, 378, later, battles, between, romans, subjugation, by, franks, culture, genetics, see, also, references, external, links, language, political, organization, religion, primary, old, modern, works,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (528), and (191), #alemanni (89), century (55), that (49), with (47), was (38), roman (38), were (38), from (33), alemannic (33), germanic (32), for (29), this (28), alsace (28), later (28), edit (27), name (27), 1998 (25), but (25), german (22), have (22), alamannia (21), suebi (21), der (21), them (21), rhine (20), which (20), καὶ (19), other (18), isbn (18), battle (18), early (17), also (17), franks (17), near (16), alamanni (15), modern (15), gruyter (15), language (14), groups (14), names (14), vol (14), 978 (14), had (14), are (14), his (14), third (14), history (13), christian (13), runde (13), they (13), between (13), who (13), into (13), campaign (13), under (12), strasbourg (12), northern (12), dio (12), period (12), hummer (12), these (12), their (12), text (11), may (11), sources (11), east (11), juthungi (11), altertumskunde (11), among (11), not (11), while (11), frankish (11), been (11), scholars (11), medieval (10), und (10), related (10), germanischen (10), die (10), caracalla (10), two (10), all (10), before (10), during (10), kings (10), languages (9), wikipedia (9), about (9), articles (9), 213 (9), arrondissement (9), peoples (9), doi (9), reallexikon (9), new (9), italy (9), more (9), after (9), defeated (9), fourth (9), contemporary (9), use (8), upper (8), european (8), people (8), anglo (8), age (8), group (8), old (8), ammianus (8), empire (8), alemannen (8), geuenich (8), liccardo (8), late (8), 2024 (8), evidence (8), individuals (8), used (8), such (8), found (8), seventh (8), sixth (8), records (8), against (8), some (8), alemannia (8), romans (8), area (8), account (8), reigned (8), terms (7), containing (7), ancient (7), target (7), further (7), see (7), church (7), saxon (7), semnones (7), goths (7), burgundians (7), witschel (7), 2020 (7), eds (7), steuer (7), 2023 (7), hans (7), europe (7), 2002 (7), 2007 (7), agathias (7), probably (7), help (7), citing (7), germany (7), first (7), different (7), there (7), pagan (7), became (7), although (7), defeat (7), main (7), gaul (7), valentinian (7), another (7), beyond (7), described (7), 2026 (6), sfn (6), french (6), switzerland (6), tribes (6), territory (6), lorraine (6), 496 (6), including (6), since (6), culture (6), christianization (6), gothic (6), links (6), merovingian (6), dieter (6), press (6), haubrichs (6), becker (6), genetic (6), error (6), citerefliccardo2024 (6), 289 (6), called (6), ancestry (6), continued (6), where (6), eventually (6), centuries (6), over (6), region (6), generally (6), men (6), unclear (6), earliest (6), same (6), invaders (6), several (6), sometimes (6), much (6), uncertain (6), 260 (6), page (5), britannica (5), bishopric (5), germania (5), religion (5), lentienses (5), west (5), norse (5), iron (5), has (5), heiko (5), zur (5), university (5), barbarian (5), drinkwater (5), clovis (5), southern (5), populations (5), tradition (5), τῶν (5), move (5), augusta (5), part (5), rulers (5), than (5), population (5), speaking (5), high (5), him (5), when (5), established (5), alamannorum (5), time (5), those (5), historian (5), king (5), could (5), pagi (5), around (5), lake (5), emperor (5), known (5), julian (5), describe (5), surviving (5), mentioned (5), because (5), events (5), rather (5), toggle (4), contents (4), search (4), view (4), commons (4), 1911 (4), greek (4), swabia (4), historical (4), control (4), 2016 (4), baden (4), duchy (4), regional (4), christianity (4), north (4), mythology (4), pre (4), 268 (4), works (4), historia (4), gregory (4), cassius (4), marcellinus (4), wood (4), germanische (4), invasions (4), rübekeil (4), 2004 (4), alamannen (4), graveyard (4), 1994 (4), identity (4), bleckmann (4), 306 (4), grave (4), eastern (4), god (4), warriors (4), warrior (4), one (4), middle (4), english (4), general (4), older (4), associated (4), like (4), along (4), himself (4), bishop (4), mentions (4), gradually (4), whose (4), fifth (4), took (4), 357 (4), kingdom (4), today (4), state (4), themselves (4), again (4), subsequently (4), force (4), army (4), allies (4), large (4), gratian (4), raetia (4), separate (4), 361 (4), together (4), 337 (4), constantius (4), constantinian (4), delivered (4), constantine (4), panegyric (4), 305 (4), passage (4), source (4), calls (4), written (4), connection (4), writing (4), settled (4), example (4), suebian (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), contact (3), using (3), you (3), organization (3), wikimedia (3), wikidata (3), bokmål (3), latin (3), short (3), description (3), retrieved (3), dictionary (3), sélestat (3), protestant (3), augsburg (3), holy (3), 2021 (3), iceland (3), scandinavia (3), saxons (3), marcomanni (3), ostrogoths (3), chatti (3), germani (3), continental (3), identified (3), gallienus (3), agri (3), decumates (3), iii (3), tours (3), ian (3), 2003 (3), 1973 (3), 142 (3), springer (3), castritius (3), ergänzungsbände (3), für (3), zum (3), peter (3), berlin (3), york (3), 2018 (3), science (3), nixon (3), rodgers (3), antiquity (3), walter (3), john (3), rome (3), 287 (3), anton (3), 1981 (3), issn (3), five (3), showed (3), closely (3), particularly (3), 100 (3), 450 (3), αὐτοῖς (3), γὰρ (3), alamannic (3), converted (3), 667 (3), epitome (3), caesaribus (3), 451 (3), mostly (3), pago (3), current (3), does (3), references (3), list (3), paternal (3), present (3), most (3), complete (3), male (3), haplogroup (3), both (3), others (3), each (3), establishment (3), columbanus (3), constance (3), raetian (3), special (3), parts (3), read (3), runic (3), fibula (3), explicitly (3), cross (3), settlement (3), influence (3), would (3), sacrifice (3), only (3), particular (3), symbolism (3), through (3), what (3), 6th (3), byzantine (3), wars (3), fighting (3), place (3), eighth (3), shows (3), formed (3), neighbouring (3), possible (3), reges (3), political (3), term (3), referring (3), western (3), spoken (3), following (3), until (3), treaty (3), great (3), article (3), mixed (3), settling (3), very (3), river (3), battles (3), 378 (3), led (3), invaded (3), killed (3), concluded (3), difficult (3), frontier (3), 364 (3), vadomarius (3), captured (3), peace (3), referred (3), 354 (3), separately (3), trier (3), show (3), 298 (3), living (3), states (3), precise (3), meaning (3), mention (3), maximian (3), 270 (3), instead (3), already (3), still (3), refer (3), writer (3), named (3), reports (3), excerpts (3), involved (3), likely (3), argues (3), excerpta (3), however (3), hand (3), changes (3), danube (3), likewise (3), neckar (3), interchangeable (3), sense (3), ala (3), tools (3), table (2), legal (2), privacy (2), policy (2), edited (2), categories (2), category (2), link (2), norwegian (2), incorporating (2), encyclopædia (2), persian (2), arabic (2), grand (2), est (2), 1945 (2), 1871 (2), imperial (2), bank (2), 1679 (2), county (2), lower (2), 11th (2), prince (2), circa (2), 3rd (2), route (2), pagus (2), superior (2), rallye (2), france (2), churches (2), according (2), movement (2), 1982 (2), alsatian (2), colmar (2), rhin (2), divisions (2), varisci (2), quadi (2), lombards (2), armalausi (2), bucinobantes (2), proto (2), viking (2), runes (2), numbers (2), literature (2), law (2), practices (2), folklore (2), family (2), archived (2), military (2), emperors (2), external (2), paul (2), 2nd (2), deutschen (2), book (2), primary (2), boydell (2), ethnographic (2), perspective (2), martin (2), verlag (2), 423 (2), archäologisches (2), online (2), 1515 (2), germanen (2), matthias (2), helmut (2), 2008 (2), ludwig (2), uwe (2), nomen (2), festschrift (2), geburtstag (2), franken (2), 500 (2), bei (2), 141 (2), 114 (2), sullivan (2), september (2), american (2), association (2), advances (2), genome (2), wide (2), analyses (2), kinship (2), nuber (2), 1984 (2), 286 (2), 273 (2), panegyrici (2), latini (2), brill (2), sprachliches (2), 138 (2), geschichtliches (2), wolfgang (2), historisches (2), beck (2), heinrich (2), oxford (2), göttingen (2), pdf (2), gretzinger (2), elites (2), eight (2), burial (2), diverse (2), goods (2), despite (2), local (2), niederstotzingen (2), lithuania (2), fura (2), dih (2), deofile (2), 101 (2), nordendorf (2), 502 (2), kingdoms (2), historiae (2), series (2), 1967 (2), ὥσπερ (2), ἄττα (2), ἀλλὰ (2), οἶμαι (2), τοῖς (2), εἶεν (2), τοῦ (2), ὁποῖα (2), εἴτε (2), 1975 (2), gibuld (2), encyclopedia (2), speidel (2), perceptions (2), 120 (2), map (2), 1017 (2), violence (2), cambridge (2), 666 (2), 237 (2), dexippus (2), fragments (2), zosimus (2), patrician (2), aurelian (2), 659 (2), prosper (2), eutropius (2), orosius (2), chronica (2), gallica (2), 511 (2), 147 (2), aurelius (2), victor (2), 291 (2), 290 (2), walafrid (2), strabo (2), 218 (2), jordanes (2), ausonius (2), bissula (2), chronicle (2), final (2), aleman (2), 797 (2), ninth (2), increasingly (2), specifically (2), suebia (2), ducatu (2), spelling (2), encyc (2), everyman (2), classical (2), chapter (2), remains (2), charietto (2), confederations (2), significantly (2), being (2), indicates (2), half (2), commonly (2), bavarian (2), genetically (2), day (2), denmark (2), buried (2), ever (2), genetics (2), dated (2), possibly (2), any (2), case (2), appointed (2), lands (2), unlike (2), recognized (2), visible (2), lex (2), basel (2), survived (2), roughly (2), belt (2), clearly (2), wodan (2), interpreted (2), either (2), reading (2), bad (2), ems (2), pforzen (2), buckle (2), inscriptions (2), disrupted (2), activities (2), seem (2), erected (2), times (2), syncretism (2), traditional (2), elite (2), sanctuaries (2), genuine (2), mid (2), context (2), troops (2), theudebald (2), predominantly (2), intervening (2), ritual (2), württemberg (2), gold (2), bracteate (2), horse (2), scene (2), era (2), information (2), combined (2), permanent (2), paramount (2), appear (2), confederation (2), seven (2), free (2), reguli (2), regales (2), number (2), changed (2), lost (2), its (2), distinct (2), linguistic (2), dialects (2), austrian (2), swiss (2), vorarlberg (2), range (2), former (2), thought (2), dialect (2), uprising (2), nobility (2), ruled (2), dukes (2), province (2), carloman (2), conquered (2), war (2), forms (2), treated (2), dominions (2), duke (2), subjugation (2), invasion (2), crossed (2), then (2), gives (2), devastation (2), forced (2), literary (2), alba (2), priarius (2), year (2), argentovaria (2), attempted (2), macrianus (2), caused (2), claimed (2), solicinium (2), relations (2), 366 (2), conflicts (2), 359 (2), 360 (2), attacks (2), coalition (2), leading (2), chnodomarius (2), accounts (2), reims (2), caesar (2), single (2), numerous (2), uses (2), associates (2), include (2), pars (2), gens (2), dynasty (2), appeared (2), territorial (2), 313 (2), enemies (2), victory (2), 297 (2), major (2), victories (2), vindonissa (2), lingones (2), previously (2), recently (2), forts (2), burgundiones (2), secure (2), contributed (2), tetrarchy (2), antique (2), pavia (2), fano (2), placentia (2), 269 (2), attributes (2), lived (2), work (2), projects (2), mediolanum (2), benacus (2), sive (2), 253 (2), widespread (2), 250 (2), 280 (2), places (2), least (2), often (2), itself (2), silva (2), tabula (2), peutingeriana (2), limes (2), preserved (2), consider (2), reported (2), asinius (2), quadratus (2), reflected (2), accepted (2), survives (2), attributed (2), xiphilinus (2), represent (2), therefore (2), whether (2), preserve (2), ethnic (2), ἀλβανοί (2), ἀλαμβαννοί (2), virtutibus (2), vitiis (2), neighbours (2), broad (2), writers (2), monument (2), formation (2), community (2), developed (2), prehistory (2), leader (2), compiled (2), become (2), geographical (2), latter (2), regarded (2), normally (2), came (2), seen (2), distinction (2), regions (2), svevia (2), laterculus (2), veronensis (2), within (2), relationship (2), compound (2), man (2), manni (2), almanya (2), counts (2), 8th (2), swabians (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, october, utc, hidden, cs1, citation, encyclopaedia, wikisource, reference, 1453, harv, errors, matches, tribal, confederacies, https, org, index, php, title, oldid, 1379537751, yale, lux, pleiades, geographic, czech, republic, national, gnd, international, authority, databases, 1940, gau, elsaß, 1918, 1814, left, 1500, rhenish, circle, 1456, 1736, hanau, lichtenberg, 1354, décapole, 13th, 1648, austria, landgraviate, 1186, 1646, 1165, 1793, salm, 14th, ferrette, 982, 1803, 630, 699, 911, 475, romane, argentoratum, alsatiae, paris, bagnolet, vosges, internationaux, étoile, noire, vendenheim, handball, schiltigheim, sig, sports, consistories, jews, judaism, reformed, confession, union, protestantism, diocese, metz, immediately, subject, archdiocese, catholic, 1801, concordat, moselle, assembly, collectivity, independence, 2015, council, politics, hagenau, musée, alsacien, kelsch, demographics, anthem, flag, coat, arms, thann, guebwiller, mulhouse, ribeauvillé, altkirch, oberelsaß, haut, erstein, saverne, molsheim, haguenau, wissembourg, unterelsaß, bas, administrative, topics, anglia, christianisation, england, warini, vinoviloth, vidivarii, victohali, vangiones, silingi, hasdingi, vandals, vagoth, usipetes, ubii, tungri, tulingi, tubantes, triboci, treveri, toxandri, thuringi, thelir, teutons, tencteri, taifals, swedes, sunici, suarines, sitones, sciri, sicambri, rugini, rugii, reudigni, osi, nuithones, njars, nemetes, mattiaci, marsi, marsacii, nahanarvali, manimi, helveconae, helisii, diduni, lugii, heaðobards, lemovii, lacringi, jutes, istvaeones, irminones, ingaevones, hilleviones, heruli, hermunduri, harii, gutes, visigoths, thracian, thervingi, gutones, greuthungi, crimean, gepids, geats, gambrivii, frisii, frisiavones, salian, ripuarian, fosi, firaesi, favonae, dulgubnii, dauciones, danes, cugerni, corconti, cobandi, cimbri, cherusci, chauci, chattuarii, chasuarii, charudes, chali, chamavi, chaemae, chaedini, casuari, caritni, cananefates, buri, bructeri, brondings, betasii, bateinoi, nervii, morini, segni, paemani, eburones, condrusi, caeroesi, atuatuci, cisrhenani, belgae, batavi, bastarnae, banochaemae, baiuvarii, baemi, avarpi, auiones, angrivarii, ampsivarii, ambrones, angles, adrabaecampi, raetovari, brisgavi, vandal, warfare, symbology, sippe, alphabet, scripts, rings, paganism, funerary, festivals, clothing, calendar, art, architecture, romano, nordic, bronze, origin, primarily, speakers, ethnolinguistic, brauchtum, masken, fastnacht, orientation, septimius, severus, 146, media, bremer, strassburg, 1900, 930, grundriss, philologie, munich, 1837, 303, nachbarstämme, zeuss, francorum, 1606, senckenburg, 1730, rerum, alamannicarum, scriptores, melchior, goldast, lxvii, passim, brewer, ltd, 84383, 035, studies, archaeoethnology, einfälle, provinzen, rhein, oberer, donau, chr, problematik, epigraphischen, numismatischen, archäologischen, zeugnisse, mitthof, fritz, gunther, grusková, jana, tyche, supplementband, wien, holzhausen, 530, 903207, crisis, historiography, 070267, 9783110702675, aus, sicht, archäologie, neue, thesen, einem, alten, thema, 163, wurde, doch, schon, erwähnt, schilp, thomas, 448, 020238, 431, fraternitas, ingo, vor, ein, chronologischer, überblick, 015826, bis, schlacht, zülpich, verrät, über, ihr, ethnos, naumann, 017891, alemannien, norden, internationales, symposium, vom, oktober, 2001, zürich, niall, eaao1262, 30191172, pmid, 6124919, pmc, 1126, sciadv, aao1262, 2018scia, 1262o, bibcode, advancement, infer, structure, ulrich, barbara, saylor, berkeley, california, 520, 08326, praise, salvatore, 68660, 1163, 9789004686601, listing, ethnonyms, kuhn, 137, jänichen, fluidity, ethnogenesis, 200, gentis, volksbezeichnung, jaehrling, jürgen, meves, timm, erika, max, niemeyer, 484, 10845, 9783110911916, röllwagenbüchlein, röll, 2000, juthungen, 016782, 929568, bruno, 171, 145, museum, helveticum, jahrhundert, althistorische, bemerkungen, ersterwähnung, ethnogenese, armin, matijević, krešimir, wiegels, rainer, 17875, gup2026, 3058, maximinus, thrax, seiner, zeit, burgunden, 248, 006513, 235, joscha, june, 1480, 2397, 3374, 1038, s41562, 024, 01888, 1467, nature, human, behaviour, dynastic, succession, celtic, central, performed, estimate, affiliation, eurasians, direct, relatives, three, detectably, genomic, affinity, europeans, culturally, isotope, signals, affiliations, jungandreas, zeitschrift, deutsches, altertum, deutsche, literatur, 1972, düwel, klaus, runen, interpretatio, christiana, religioneschichtlichen, stellung, bügelfidel, von, kamp, norbert, wollasch, joachim, 008237, als, historische, kraft, hillgarth, 1995, 503, 1937, 5239, 1086, ahr, review, longman, xii, 395, 751, keydell, corpus, fontium, byzantinae, berolinensis, 18f, νόμιμα, ἀλαμανῶν, ἔθνος, εἰσι, μέν, που, πάτρια, κοινῷ, ἐπικρατοῦν, ἄρχον, φραγγικῇ, ἕπονται, πολιτείᾳ, μόνα, θεὸν, ταὐτὰ, ξυνδοκεῖ, δένδρα, γάρ, τινα, ἱλάσκονται, ῥεῖθρα, ποταμῶν, λόφους, φάραγγας, τούτοις, ὅσια, δρῶντες, ἵππους, βόας, ἄλλα, μυρία, καρατομοῦντες, ἐπιθειάζουσιν, φράγγων, αὐτοὺς, ἐπιμιξία, εnὖ, ποιοῦσα, τόδε, μετακοσμεῖ, ἤδη, ἐφέλκεται, τοὺς, εὐφρονεστέρους, πολλοῦ, χρόνου, ἅπασιν, ἐκνικήσει, τῆς, δόξης, παράλογόν, ἔμπληκτον, χρωμένοις, πάμπαν, ἠλίθιοι, γνώριμόν, ἐστι, εὐφώρατον, οἶον, ἀποσβῆναι, ῥᾳδίως, ἐλεεῖσθαι, μὲν, οὖν, μᾶλλον, χαλεπαίνεσθαι, δίκαιοι, πλείστης, μεταλαγχάνειν, συγγνώμης, ἅπαντες, ὅσοι, ἀληθοῦς, ἁμαρτάνουσιν, δήπου, ἑκόντες, εἶναι, ἀλῶνται, ὀλισθαίνουσιν, ἀγαθοῦ, ἐφιέμενοι, ἔπειτα, σφαλέντες, κρίσει, λοιπὸν, ἔχονται, δοκηθέντων, ἀπρίξ, τύχοιεν, ὄντα, τήν, μὴν, θυσιῶν, ὠμότητα, κακοδαιμονίαν, οὐκ, οἶδα, οἷόν, λόγῳ, ἀκέσασθαι, ἄλσεσιν, ἐπιτελοῖντο, ἀμέλει, παρὰ, βαρβάροις, πάλαι, νενομισμέ, νοις, θεοῖς, ἑλλήνων, ἐθέλουσιν, ἁγιστεῖαι, agathiae, myrinaei, historiarum, libri, quinque, murinaeus, scholasticus, 2012, 003357, trans, joseph, frendo, schubert, 1909, tübingen, mohr, bossert, jackson, arian, schaff, herzog, religious, knowledge, das, älteste, christentum, oder, sogenannte, arianismus, michael, routledge, 162, harald, kleinschmidt, greenwood, publishing, 0275974176, attitudes, toward, migration, 0415311991, styles, trajan, column, icelandic, sagas, 223, 118, 2019, suevi, freyia, völundarhúsins, 85115, 723, jonathan, arnold, 31376, companion, ostrogothic, duff, 826, 0009, 6407, s0009640700500080, 825, drake, burlington, ashgate, xxii, 400, cloth, 595, cbo9780511802393, 020, 593, migrations, 376, 568, textbooks, 468, chisholm, hugh, public, domain, incorporates, publication, now, preceding, sentences, 672, 671, 670, 669, 668, res, gestae, 215, 216, harvnb, 662, 238, 541, 525, 661, fragment, 193, adversus, paganos, breviarium, 420, 876, epitoma, chronicon, 658, 466, 467, 153, 462, 292, 294, 151, 424, 485, 279, 283, 442, 217, 281, getica, 129, 131, kurath, michigan, 1952, 1345, rivington, payne, wilkie, robinson, iohn, hardyng, 1812, recorded, 1100, dental, 1160, allemand, trésor, langue, française, informatisé, alemand, alemant, 762, 873, 12th, replaced, hirzel, 1888, 299, forschungen, landeskunde, alemannico, linzgowe, urbs, constantia, alemanniae, alemannorum, almanniae, brit, 9th, 1880, smaller, 1910, edition, spells, columbia, edward, gibbon, xxxviii, latinized, helvetii, annales, alamannici, considerably, consequently, less, eef, saw, consistent, arrival, data, significant, increase, scandinavian, proxy, millennium, median, rising, reaching, levels, turnover, introduction, haplogroups, ages, indistinguishable, closest, resemblance, netherlands, m253, hallstatt, farmer, steppe, study, published, examined, richest, highest, ranking, individual, four, males, carriers, types, carrier, r1b1a2a1a1c2b2b1a1, maternal, displayed, close, cemetery, displaying, spain, might, adoptees, slaves, u5a1a1, r1b1a2a1a1c2b2b, cannot, exactly, undertaken, 612, existed, 635, missionary, newly, did, look, back, episcopal, seat, 740, line, bishops, institution, worldly, hardly, privileges, 720, entire, reserved, ecclesial, matters, alone, lantfrid, pactus, raurica, chur, grab, gunzo, konstanz, 520s, 620s, surge, specimens, buckles, jewellery, weapon, subsides, advance, theonyms, donar, magicians, sorcerers, invocation, powers, deities, protective, charm, inscription, reflects, pious, sentiment, marked, theophilus, alternatively, devil, 660, 690, marks, end, native, literacy, northwestern, boundary, strongest, rhineland, palatinate, logaþorewodanwigiþonar, bülach, fibulae, elder, futhark, apostles, disciple, active, beer, cult, superficial, elements, change, practice, tumulus, graves, throughout, animal, style, artwork, prevalent, slavs, adopted, voluntarily, spread, emulation, syncretistic, bregenz, jonas, bobbio, saint, gall, spoke, ruthlessness, destroying, plundering, respectful, towards, expresses, hope, assume, better, manners, prolonged, appearances, manner, happened, worship, certain, trees, waters, rivers, hills, mountain, valleys, honour, horses, cattle, countless, animals, beheading, imagine, performing, act, piety, thereby, byzantium, respects, except, speculated, members, due

Text of the page (random words):
itch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia germanic people for people with the name see alamanni surname area settled by the alemanni and sites of roman alemannic battles 3rd to 6th centuries the alemanni or alamanni 1 were a confederation of germanic peoples who first appeared in the region east of the upper rhine river during the third century ad where they eventually took control of a large swathe of lands previously ruled by the roman empire within the province of germania superior from about the fifth century written records start occasionally referring to the alemanni with an old name suebi that had traditionally been used by roman writers to refer to a diverse range of germanic peoples found in several parts of europe this name used to refer to their medieval and modern successors the swabians whose country eventually came to be called swabia german schwaben the connection between the swabians and the ancient suebi is however unclear and likely to have been indirect the first apparent written mention of the alemanni that has survived is in reports of the works of cassius dio who mentioned them in the context of a campaign of roman emperor caracalla in 213 ad the alemanni captured the agri decumates in 260 ad and later expanded into present day alsace and northern switzerland leading to the establishment of the old high german language in those regions which by the 8th century were collectively referred to as alamannia 2 in 496 ad the alemanni were conquered by the frankish leader clovis and incorporated into his dominions mentioned as still pagan allies of the christian franks the alemanni were gradually christianized during the 7th century the lex alamannorum is a record of their customary law during this period until the 8th century frankish suzerainty over alemannia was mostly nominal however after an uprising by theudebald the duke of alamannia carloman executed the alamannic nobility and installed frankish dukes as the carolingian empire weakened in later years the alemannic counts became almost independent and a struggle for supremacy took place between them and the bishopric of constance the chief family in alamannia was that of the counts of raetia curiensis who were sometimes called margraves and one of whom burchard ii established the duchy of swabia which was recognized by henry the fowler in 919 ad and became a stem duchy of the holy roman empire the area settled by the alemanni corresponds roughly to the area where alemannic german dialects remain spoken including german swabia and baden french alsace german speaking switzerland liechtenstein and austrian vorarlberg the french language name of germany allemagne is derived from their name from old french aleman t 3 and from french was loaned into a number of other languages including middle english which commonly used the term almains for germans 4 5 likewise the arabic name for germany is ألمانيا almanya the turkish is almanya the catalan is alemanya the spanish is alemania the portuguese is alemanha the welsh is yr almaen and the persian is آلمان alman name edit the name alamanni is generally analysed as a germanic compound of ala and man n the latter meaning man or person 6 7 the precise sense of the compound is disputed rübekeil interprets ala as having a collective or universal sense and understands the name approximately as the manni as a whole or the totality of the manni rather than as men from all tribes 6 haubrichs argues that ala could instead have an intensifying sense so that the name may have meant something like true complete or pre eminent men 7 the sixth century historian agathias citing a tradition which he attributed to gaius asinius quadratus in the third century reports that the alemanni were gathered together and mixed people and that their name expressed this character modern linguistic discussions do not generally treat this as the literal meaning of a different name formation rather rübekeil and haubrichs both interpret it as a hostile or mocking reinterpretation of a germanic name whose components were transparent 6 8 an older proposal that the first element was alah sanctuary is incompatible with the early spellings of the name and is not accepted by scholars anymore 9 relationship with the suebi edit modern scholars think it is probable that suebian groups such as the neckar suebi or semnones contributed to the ancestry of the alemanni 10 11 on the other hand although the two terms alemanni and suebi gradually became interchangeable in later centuries the reasons for this are unclear today and it is unclear whether any third or fourth century alemanni would have seen themselves as suebi in this period the term suebi was not normally associated by roman authors with the alemanni but most often with the neighbours and allies of the marcomanni and quadi who lived north of the danube 12 the distinction is also visible in the early fourth century laterculus veronensis probably compiled in 314 in its geographically ordered list of peoples near the rhine it gives the sequence burgunziones alamanni sueui franci iotungi treating the alemanni suebi and juthungi as separate names within the same broad regional ethnic landscape 13 there are on the other hand some indications of a suebian association in early records a third century monument associates the juthungi with the semnones who were certainly known as suebi and the juthungi at least eventually came to be seen as part of the alemannic population in the fourth century 14 the laterculus veronensis is important in this respect because it still lists the juthungi separately from the alemanni in the early fourth century whereas ammianus marcellinus later described them as a division of the alemanni alamannorum pars 15 the distinction is also reflected in the tabula peutingeriana which shows svevia and alamannia as neighbouring but separate regions beyond the rhine the surviving map is medieval and these particular labels have sometimes been regarded as later additions but liccardo argues that they could preserve a late antique geographical scheme the name alamannia was already in roman use by 297 298 and the separate representation of svevia and alamannia fits a period when the two names had not yet become synonymous 16 another special case is the fourth century poet ausonius who described his captive bissula as a suebian girl although he located her homeland beyond the rhine near the sources of the danube in an area otherwise associated with the alemanni modern scholars have generally regarded this use of suebi as literary or archaizing rather than as evidence that the names suebi and alemanni were normally interchangeable in the fourth century 17 the connection between the names of the suebi and alemanni may have developed later for example writing about fifth century events the 6th century writer jordanes described a group of suebi who moved from the east under the rule of a leader named hunimund after he lost a battle with the ostrogoths he reported that they settled together with the alemanni but treats them as a distinct group living in the same area 18 by the time of the ravenna cosmography compiled around 700 the names suebi and alamanni had become interchangeable and the corresponding regional names were likewise equated in geographical writing 19 in the ninth century the two names could be treated explicitly as synonyms walafrid strabo himself writing in alemannia stated that alamanni and suebi were two names for the same gens neighbouring latin speaking peoples used the former while local germanic usage employed the latter 20 prehistory edit before the third century much of the region east of the rhine where the alemanni later became established was under roman control but germanic groups had been settling there since the first century ad around the lower neckar a suebian population known as the neckar suebi suebi nicretes was centred on lopodunum ladenburg and their settlement community later developed into the roman civitas ulpia sueborum nicretum 21 the connection between these populations and the later alemanni is unclear but connections are likely modern scholarship generally rejects the older model in which an already formed alemannic people migrated into the region in the third century the prevailing view instead places the formation of the alemanni after the abandonment of the upper german raetian limes among groups settling between the upper rhine and the danube 22 archaeological evidence likewise suggests origins among several different groups rather than a single migrating population 23 on the other hand in the third century the wider germanic world was itself undergoing major changes since the marcomannic wars 166 180 and a part of the alemanni probably entered the region from elsewhere older political groupings and elites were disrupted and new confederations emerged eventually including the alemanni 24 the alemanni are not named in contemporary accounts of those wars but for example the juthungi are associated with the semnones in a third century roman monument 25 26 earliest mentions edit the earliest undoubted contemporary mention of the alemanni under that name is a panegyric delivered for maximian in 289 although many scholars accept evidence that the name was used much earlier the early history of the alemanni like their northern neighbours the franks is difficult to reconstruct because before the late third century contemporary sources mainly describe the enemies of the romans near the rhine using broad terms such as germani or simply barbari in later centuries classical writers sometimes identified groups who had been involved in third century events as alemanni or franks notably for example the third century juthungi are specifically described as alemanni in the fourth century however modern scholars consider such later mentions to be uncertain because possibly anachronistic 27 a strong but uncertain contender for the earliest possible written references to the alemanni may be reflected in the surviving fragments of cassius dio s account of caracalla s german campaign of 213 but this is not universally accepted 28 the relevant portion of dio s work no longer survives but parts are preserved in the constantinian excerpta de virtutibus et vitiis other byzantine excerpts and the later epitome of john xiphilinus 29 the excerpta de virtutibus et vitiis uses the greek form ἀλαμβαννοί implying alambanni on several occasions and ἀλβανοί albani on one occasion while also naming the chatti χάττοι as being involved in these events the excerpta de sententiis in a passage attributed to peter the patrician who was using dio for this period implies albanni ancient greek ἀλβαννοί xiphilinus calls another group involved in the campaign κέννοι kenni but the identity of this group is unclear and the name may for example represent the chatti rather than the alemanni 30 scholars therefore disagree about whether dio really mentioned the alemanni by that name in his account of caracalla s campaign lawrence okamura matthias springer and helmut castritius have all argued against it while bleckmann hummer and other scholars have defended the widespread acceptance of the idea that dio mentioned them 31 32 33 most recently becker compared the constantinian excerpts with those portions of dio for which the original text survives he found that the excerpts preserve the order of dio s narrative and provide no parallel for the interpolation of new ethnic names he therefore considers it very likely that the forms ἀλαμβαννοί and ἀλβανοί derive from dio himself and argues that they can plausibly represent scribal variants of ἀλαμαννοί or alamanni 34 a further possible third century attestation is preserved by the sixth century historian agathias who attributes to the mid third century writer asinius quadratus a description of the alemanni as a mixed people but once again some modern scholars consider this uncertain because it is only reported in a much later source 35 caracalla s campaign of 213 edit the limes germanicus 83 to 260 ce v t e rome against the alemanni and the juthungi mediolanum lake benacus placentia fano pavia lingones vindonissa autun durocortorum brumath senonae strasbourg solicinium argentovaria alamannia is shown beyond silva marciana the black forest in the tabula peutingeriana suevia is indicated separately further downstream of the rhine beyond silva vosagus alemannic belt mountings from a seventh century grave in the grave field at weingarten the surviving evidence indicates that caracalla conducted a german campaign beyond the upper german raetian frontier in 213 contemporary records show that on 11 august he was preparing to cross the frontier of raetia into territory beyond the empire the precise route of the campaign is uncertain but later tradition places at least some of the fighting near the main aurelius victor writing around 360 states that caracalla defeated the alamanni near the river main 36 this has often been used to locate the campaign in the main region although it does not by itself show that the alemanni were permanently settled there the surviving dio tradition contains several anecdotes about caracalla s dealings with germanic groups during the campaign in one passage he is described as intervening among them ordering forts and settlements to be established and changing place names in another he summoned men of military age on the pretext of recruiting them as mercenaries and then had them surrounded and killed a further passage reports that people identified in the transmitted text as alemanni claimed to have caused an illness of caracalla by magical means while the emperor attempted to counter them by invoking ancestral spirits 37 invasions of italy 250 280 edit centuries later the sixth century writer gregory of tours described an alemannic king named chrocus who invaded gaul during the reigns of valerian reigned 253 260 and gallienus reigned 253 268 causing widespread destruction before his capture and execution at arles modern scholars have sometimes connected this account with the invasions of 259 260 known from other sources but this connection is uncertain 38 more securely roman era chronicles still written well after the events describe germanic incursions into italy in 260 and some refer to them as alemanni prosper of aquitaine and the chronica gallica of 511 state that alamanni crossed into italy after devastating gaul while eutropius and orosius call the invaders more generally germani this may be related to a 260 roman victory altar erected near augsburg which records the defeat of a group described as the semnones sive iouthungi scholars have interpreted the word sive in different ways with some seeing it as expressing doubt about the identity of the invaders and others reading...