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e of world war i changed ideas about the place of the navy the refusal of the german fleet to engage in a decisive battle the dardanelles expedition of 1915 the development of submarine warfare and the organization of convoys all showed the french navy s new role in combined operations with the french army the navy s part in securing victory was not fully understood by french public opinion in 1918 but a synthesis of old and new ideas arose from the lessons of the war especially by admiral raoul castex 1878 1968 who synthesized in his five volume théories stratégiques the classical and materialist schools of naval theory he reversed mahan s theory that command of the sea precedes maritime communications and foresaw the enlarged roles of aircraft and submarines in naval warfare 39 japan edit the influence of seapower upon history 1660 1783 was translated into japanese 40 and was used as a textbook in the imperial japanese navy ijn that usage strongly affected the ijn s plan to end russian naval expansion in the far east which culminated in the russo japanese war of 1904 05 41 it has been argued that the ijn s pursuit of the decisive battle kantai kessen contributed to imperial japan s defeat in world war ii 42 43 because the development of the submarine and the aircraft carrier combined with advances in technology largely rendered obsolete the doctrine of the decisive battle between fleets 44 nevertheless the ijn did not adhere strictly to mahanian doctrine because its forces were often tactically divided particularly during the attack on pearl harbor and the battle of midway united states edit mahan believed that if the united states were to build an isthmian canal it would become a pacific power and therefore it should take possession of hawaii to protect the west coast 9 nevertheless his support for american imperialism was more ambivalent than is often stated and he remained lukewarm about american annexation of the philippines 10 mahan was a major influence on the roosevelt family in addition to theodore he corresponded with assistant secretary of the navy franklin d roosevelt until his death in 1914 during world war ii roosevelt would ignore the late mahan s prior advice to him that the commonwealth of the philippines could not be defended against an imperial japanese invasion leading to a futile defense of the islands against the japanese during the philippines campaign 45 later career edit between 1889 and 1892 mahan was engaged in special service for the bureau of navigation and in 1893 he was appointed to command the powerful new protected cruiser chicago on a visit to europe where he was feted he returned to lecture at the war college and then in 1896 he retired from active service returning briefly to duty in 1898 to consult on naval strategy during the spanish american war mahan continued to write and he received honorary degrees from oxford cambridge harvard yale columbia dartmouth and mcgill in 1902 mahan popularized the term middle east which he used in the article the persian gulf and international relations published in september in the national review 46 as a delegate to the 1899 hague convention mahan argued against prohibiting the use of asphyxiating gases in warfare on the ground that such weapons would inflict such terrible casualties that belligerents would be forced to end wars more quickly thus providing a net advantage for world peace 47 in 1902 mahan was elected president of the american historical association and his address subordination in historical treatment is his most explicit explanation of his philosophy of history 48 in 1906 mahan became rear admiral by an act of congress that promoted all retired captains who had served in the american civil war at the outbreak of world war i he published statements favorable to the cause of the allies but in an attempt to enforce american neutrality president woodrow wilson ordered that all active and retired officers refrain from publicly commenting on the war 49 religious life edit mahan was reared as an episcopalian and became a devout churchman with high church sympathies for instance late in life he strongly opposed revision of the book of common prayer 50 nevertheless mahan also appears to have undergone a conversion experience about 1871 when he realized that he could experience god s favor not through his own merits but only through trust in the completed work of christ on the cross 51 geissler called one of his religious addresses almost evangelical albeit of the dignified stiff upper lip variety 52 and mahan never mentioned a conversion experience in his autobiography in later life mahan often spoke to episcopal parishes in 1899 at holy trinity church in brooklyn mahan emphasized his own religious experience and declared that one needed a personal relationship with god given through the work of the holy spirit 53 in 1909 mahan published the harvest within thoughts on the life of the christian which was part personal testimony part biblical analysis part expository sermon 54 death and commemoration edit the mahan hall at the united states naval academy is named for mahan mahan died in washington d c of heart failure on december 1 1914 a few months after the outbreak of world war i four ships have been named uss mahan including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers the united states naval academy s mahan hall was named in his honor 55 as was mahan hall at the naval war college mahan hall at the united states military academy was named for his father dennis hart mahan a t mahan elementary school and a t mahan high school at keflavik naval air station iceland were named in his honor a former mission school in yangzhou china was named for mahan 56 a u s naval sea cadet corps unit in albany new york is named for both mahan and his father 57 mahan road is an entrance to the former naval ordnance laboratory in white oak silver spring maryland the facility is now the headquarters of the food and drug administration family edit alfred thayer mahan married ellen lyle evans born november 27 1851 in june 1872 together they had two daughters and one son helen evans mahan born august 6 1873 ellen kuhn mahan born july 10 1877 and lyle evans mahan born 12 february 1881 lyle mahan alleged that his mother and father inherited several modest fortunes though he admits that between maintaining multiple households the mahans owned at least two homes for most of their lives and funding his sisters and his own educations they were not immensely wealthy lyle would go on to be a successful attorney and financier and named his only son alfred thayer mahan ii born 1905 died 1985 1 ancestors of alfred thayer mahan 2 dennis hart mahan 1 alfred thayer mahan 6 john okill 3 mary helena okill 14 sir james jay 7 mary jay dates of rank edit acting midshipman 30 september 1856 midshipman 9 june 1859 lieutenant 31 august 1861 lieutenant commander 7 june 1865 commander 20 november 1872 captain 23 september 1885 retired list 17 november 1896 rear admiral on the retired list 1906 awards and honors edit civil war campaign medal spanish campaign medal chesney gold medal elected member of the american philosophical society 1897 58 elected member of the american academy of arts and sciences 1903 59 in fiction edit in 1901 an alternate history by robert conroy the main character is a young united states army officer named patrick mahan a fictitious nephew of admiral mahan who himself appears briefly in the story as well in harry turtledove s southern victory another alternate history mahan is frequently mentioned but never appears he is spoken of as having been president of the united states from 1889 to 1897 and the mahan bedroom is a famous room in the powel house in philadelphia analogous to the actual lincoln bedroom in the white house as president mahan prevented the construction of a confederate shipping canal in nicaragua and opined that the main problem with republics is that over time the voters are apt to get tired of paying for what their country needs to defend itself the protagonist in g c edmondson s novel the ship that sailed the time stream frequently mentions mahan and or mahan s ghost as an exclamation in the riddle of the sands erskine childers has his character davies aimlessly fingering a volume of mahan works edit the gulf and inland waters 1883 the influence of sea power upon history 1660 1783 1890 the influence of sea power upon history 1660 1805 1980 abridged edition the influence of sea power upon history 1660 1783 1890 at archive org archived version the influence of sea power upon the french revolution and empire 1793 1812 1892 the influence of sea power upon the french revolution and empire 1793 1812 1892 at archive org archived version mahan alfred thayer 1892 admiral farragut d appleton and company new york pp 333 url the future in relation to american naval power harper s new monthly magazine oct 1895 the life of nelson the embodiment of the sea power of great britain 1897 60 the life of nelson volume 1 of 2 by a t mahan at project gutenberg the life of nelson volume 2 of 2 by a t mahan at project gutenberg the interest of america in sea power present and future 1897 lessons of the war with spain and other articles 1899 the problem of asia and its effect upon international policies 1900 story of the war in south africa 1899 1900 1900 online types of naval officers drawn from the history of the british navy 1901 online retrospect prospect studies in international relations naval and political 1902 sea power in its relation to the war of 1812 2 vols 1905 boston little brown american library association reflections historic and other suggested by the battle of the japan sea 1906 proceedings magazine june 1906 united states naval institute from sail to steam recollections of naval life 1907 naval administration and warfare some general principles with other essays 1908 the harvest within thoughts on the life of the christian 1909 naval strategy compared and contrasted with the principles and practice of military operations on land 1911 armaments and arbitration or the place of force in the international relations of states 1912 the major operations of the navies in the war of american independence 1913 at project gutenberg see also edit biography portal references edit notes 1 2 mahan lyle evans 1990 1936 hattendorf john ed my parents rear admiral and mrs alfred thayer mahan naval war college review 43 4 81 97 jstor 44638487 1 2 mahan alfred thayer nhhc retrieved july 13 2023 keegan john the american civil war knopf 2009 272 vego milan 2009 nwc 1005 naval classical thinkers and operational art naval war college 4 archived from the original on january 31 2017 retrieved december 12 2016 1 2 paret peter 1986 makers of modern strategy from machiavelli to the nuclear age princeton new jersey princeton university press pp 453 455 suzanne geissler god and sea power the influence of religion on alfred thayer mahan annapolis naval institute press 2015 1 vego milan 2009 naval classical thinkers and operational art naval war college archived from the original on january 31 2017 retrieved december 12 2016 1 2 3 4 herwig 69 105 1 2 brinkley alan 2010 19 from crisis to empire the unfinished nation columbia university mcgraw hill p 499 1 2 geissler 134 135 sheppard thomas october 24 2025 america s first globalist the dispatch mahan foresaw a world in which the united states vigorously engaged in global trade on the seas that he regarded as a global commons with naval power to protect global american shipping he was in short the first american globalist the neptune factor u s naval institute u s naval institute press mahan s scholarship has long been seen as foundational to all systematic study of naval power holmes james june 14 2025 america is finally getting its maritime strategy right the national interest the us navy vacated the mahanian world of sea battle at almost precisely the historical instant china entered it armstrong benjamin summer 2012 living in a mahanian world infinity journal vol 2 no 3 pp 11 14 doi 10 64148 msm v2i3 2 holmes james r summer 2007 from mahan to pearl harbor the imperial japanese navy and the united states naval war college review 60 3 article 14 will china s mahanians prod beijing onto a similar path to sea power and will similar results ensue the national cyclopaedia of american biography vol x new york ny james t white company 1900 p 440 alfred thayer mahan www c250 columbia edu retrieved august 10 2022 geissler 24 26 mahan alfred thayer richard w turk the ambiguous relationship theodore roosevelt and alfred thayer mahan greenwood press 19870 10 larrie d ferreiro mahan and the english club of lima peru the genesis of the influence of sea power upon history the journal of military history 72 3 july 2008 901 906 paret peter 1986 makers of modern strategy from machiavelli to the nuclear age princeton new jersey princeton university press p 445 presidents of the u archived from the original on may 17 2006 retrieved may 17 2006 geissler 99 100 odnb entry for carola oman retrieved 8 july 2012 subscription required knight roger 2000 the foundations of naval history john knox laughton the royal navy and the historical profession review of book by professor andrew lambert london institute for historical research archived from the original on september 30 2007 retrieved april 3 2007 sam lagrone a brief history of naval wargames u s naval institute september 24 2013 accessed insert date https news usni org 2013 09 24 brief history naval wargames vego milan 2009 nwc 1005 naval classical thinkers and operational art naval war college 4 archived from the original on january 31 2017 retrieved december 12 2016 crowl alfred thayer mahan 451 460 1 2 philip a crowl alfred thayer mahan the naval historian in paret peter gordon a craig and felix gilbert eds makers of modern strategy from machiavelli to the nuclear age 1986 ch 16 go get mahan s yardstick u s naval institute july 1 2019 retrieved december 9 2020 jon tetsuro sumida inventing grand strategy and teaching command the classic works of alfred thayer mahan baltimore johns hopkins university press 1997 kenneth bourne and carl boyd captain mahan s war with great britain u s naval institute proceedings 94 7 1968 71 78 issn 0041 798x holger herwig the failure of german sea power 1914 1945 mahan tirpitz and raeder reconsidered the international history review 10 1 february 1988 72 73 herwig 72 73 naval warfare international encyclopedia of the first world war ww1 encyclopedia 1914 1918 online net retrieved july 20 2022 jones mark may 19 2016 daniel ute gatrell peter janz oliver jones heather keene jennifer kramer alan nasson bill eds kiel mutiny 1914 1918 online international encyclopedia of the first world war freie universität berlin retrieved april 29 2024 jon tetsuro sumida geography technology and british naval strategy in the dreadnought era naval war college review 2006 59 3 89 102 mart...