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gen campaign blackcock rhineland veritable grenade blockbuster plunder flashpoint varsity archway lumberjack remagen cologne gisela undertone aschaffenburg tf baum frankfurt ruhr paderborn würzburg kassel heilbronn buchhof howard friesoythe nuremberg lippach hamburg austrian campaign ostmark resistance itter castle elbe day cowboy end of war in europe lüneburg heath surrender disarmed enemy forces flensburg eastern front mittenheide baltic sea 1944 battle of memel gumbinnen nemmersdorf baltic offensive vistula oder offensive sandomierz silesian baltic sea 1945 hannibal east prussian königsberg heiligenbeil samland metgethen silesian lower silesia upper silesia siege of breslau east pomeranian kolberg danzig solstice austrian campaign nagykanizsa körmend vienna graz amstetten ru schwedt clausewitz race to berlin oder neisse stettin rostock seelow heights encirclement of berlin cottbus potsdam spremberg torgau oderberg pankow battle in berlin reichstag bautzen niederkaina halbe brandenburg rathenow berlin elbe day sudeten czechia ústí end of war in europe zero hour 1945 other nazi german guerrillas volkssturm battle of bolzano tyrol italy yugoslavian austrian skirmishes poljana bleiburg lake constance campaign de swiss involvement de defence of the reich fighter pilots revolt bombing of germany evacuations of children crossbow rhur berlin air battle bombing of vienna hurricane pointblank german evacuations evacuation of east prussia regenbogen anti nazi german resistance catholic vatican intelligence operations left wing nehrling eberling resistance group buchenwald resistance attempted coups flash 20 july plot austrian resistance jewish dachau uprising aktion rheinland mürwik campaign de german massacres stalag luft iii rüsselsheim arnsberg forest celle gardelegen treuenbrietzen horka zapel ausbau bullenhuser mühlviertler hasenjagd deutsch schützen burgholz de transport of concentration camp inmates to tyrol white buses aftermath occupation of austria occupation of germany american polish pl british belgian danish de dutch norwegian polish french luxembourg saar polish annexations east prussia russian enclave soviet victory parades british parade 1st allied parade 2nd allied parade de expulsion and flight of germans poland czechoslovakia netherlands doppeleiche de german economy operations morgenthau german forced laborers soviet kolonne lusty backfire surgeon fedden paperclip bloodhound de osoaviakhim barleycorn de coalscuttle de repatriation of soviet citizens cossacks keelhaul big bang denazification may 1945 execution british restricted zones de rhin prision camps belsen trials nuremberg trials subsequent trials dachau trials wuppertal trial de waldheim trials de rastatt trials de curiohaus trials de weißenburg trial de hamburg ravensbrück trials treblinka trials ulm trial division of germany 1945 49 wanfried accords barber lyashchenko exchanges de harz exchanges de trizone unification berlin blockade german partition operation vermin part of a series on the history of germany topics chronology historiography military economy lgbt judaism women territorial evolution historic states holy roman empire monarchs queens empresses 1918 family tree austria bavaria prussia saxony württemberg mediatised early history linear pottery culture únětice culture urnfield culture germanic peoples migration period barbarian kingdoms frankish empire middle ages east francia kingdom of germany holy roman empire eastward settlement early modern period sectionalism 18th century kingdom of prussia unification mediatisation confederation of the rhine german confederation vormärz zollverein revolutions of 1848 north german confederation german reich german empire 1871 1918 world war i 1914 1918 weimar republic 1918 1933 nazi germany 1933 1945 world war ii 1939 1945 contemporary germany occupation ostgebiete 1945 1949 1952 expulsion of germans 1944 1950 west east division 1949 1990 reunification new states 1990 modern history since 1990 germany portal history portal v t e the entirety of germany was occupied and administered by the allies of world war ii from the berlin declaration on 5 june 1945 to the establishment of west germany on 23 may 1949 nazi germany was stripped of its sovereignty and its government was entirely dissolved after germany formally surrendered on tuesday 8 may 1945 the four countries representing the allies the united states united kingdom soviet union and france asserted joint authority and sovereignty through the allied control council acc germany after the war was a devastated country roughly 80 percent of its infrastructure was in need of repair or reconstruction 1 which helped the idea that germany was entering a new phase of history zero hour at first allied occupied germany was defined as all territories of germany before the 1938 nazi annexation of austria the potsdam agreement on 2 august 1945 defined the new eastern german border by giving poland and the soviet union all regions of germany east of the oder neisse line eastern parts of pomerania neumark posen west prussia east prussia and most of silesia and divided the remaining germany as a whole into four occupation zones each administered by one of the allies 2 all territories annexed by germany before the war from austria and czechoslovakia were returned to these countries the memel territory annexed by germany from lithuania before the war was annexed by the soviet union in 1945 and transferred to the lithuanian soviet socialist republic all territories annexed by germany during the war from belgium france italy luxembourg poland the soviet union and yugoslavia were returned to their respective countries deviating from the occupation zones planned according to the london protocol in 1944 at potsdam the united states united kingdom and the soviet union approved the detachment from germany of the territories east of the oder neisse line with the exact line of the boundary to be determined in a final german peace treaty this treaty was expected to confirm the shifting westward of poland s borders as the united kingdom and united states committed themselves to support the permanent incorporation of eastern germany into poland and the soviet union from march 1945 to july 1945 these former eastern territories of germany had been administered under soviet military occupation authorities but following the potsdam agreement they were handed over to soviet and polish civilian administrations and ceased to constitute part of allied occupied germany in the closing weeks of fighting in europe united states forces had pushed beyond the agreed boundaries for the future zones of occupation in some places by as much as 320 km 200 miles the so called line of contact between soviet and u s forces at the end of hostilities mostly lying eastward of the july 1945 established inner german border was temporary after two months during which they held areas that had been assigned to the soviet zone u s forces withdrew in the first days of july 1945 3 some have concluded that this was a crucial move which persuaded the soviet union to allow american british and french forces into their designated sectors in berlin which occurred at roughly the same time the need for intelligence gathering operation paperclip may also have been a factor 4 after the soviet withdrawal from the allied control council on 20 march 1948 the split had led to the 1949 establishment of two new german states the federal republic of germany frg west germany and the german democratic republic gdr east germany occupation zones edit american zone edit further information american occupation zone in germany and allied occupied austria the american zone in southern germany consisted of bavaria without the rhine palatinate region and the lindau district both part of the french zone and hesse without rhenish hesse and montabaur region both part of the french zone with a new capital in wiesbaden and of northern parts of württemberg and baden those formed württemberg baden and became northern portions of the present day german state of baden württemberg founded in 1952 the ports of bremen on the lower weser river and bremerhaven at the weser estuary of the north sea were also placed under u s control because of the u s request to have certain toeholds in northern germany the headquarters of the american military government was the former ig farben building in frankfurt am main british zone edit further information british occupation zone in germany and allied occupied austria by may 1945 the british and canadian armies had liberated the netherlands and had conquered northern germany the canadian forces went home following the german surrender leaving northern germany to be occupied by the british the british army of the rhine was formed on 25 august 1945 from the british liberation army 5 in july the british withdrew from mecklenburg s capital schwerin which they had taken over from the americans a few weeks before as it had previously been agreed to be occupied by the soviet army the control commission for germany british element ccg be ceded more slices of its area of occupation to the soviet union specifically the amt neuhaus of hanover and some exclaves and fringes of brunswick for example the county of blankenburg and exchanged some villages between british holstein and soviet mecklenburg under the barber lyashchenko agreement within the british zone of occupation the ccg be re established the city of hamburg as a german state but with borders that had been drawn by the nazi government in 1937 the british also created the new german states of schleswig holstein emerging in 1946 from the prussian province of schleswig holstein lower saxony the merger of brunswick oldenburg and schaumburg lippe with the state of hanover in 1946 and north rhine westphalia the merger of lippe with the prussian provinces of the rhineland northern part and westphalia during 1946 47 also in 1947 the american zone of occupation being inland had no port facilities thus the free hanseatic city of bremen and bremerhaven became exclaves within the british zone the british headquarters were originally based in bad oeynhausen from 1946 but in 1954 it was moved to mönchengladbach where it was known as jhq rheindahlen another special feature of the british zone was the enclave of bonn it was created in july 1949 and was not under british or any other allied control instead it was under the control of the allied high commission in june 1950 ivone kirkpatrick became the british high commissioner for germany kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the bonn paris conventions during 1951 1952 which terminated the occupation and prepared the way for the rearmament of west germany royal air force s malcolm club in schleswig formerly the stadt hamburg hotel in late 1945 british armored car at the brandenburg gate in berlin 1950 belgian polish and norwegian zones edit further information polish occupation zone in germany army units from other countries were stationed within the british occupation zone the belgians were allocated a territory which was garrisoned by their troops 6 the zone formed a 200 kilometres 120 mi strip from the belgian german border at the south of the british zone and included the important cities of cologne and aachen the belgian army of occupation in germany known as the belgian forces in germany from 1951 became autonomous in 1946 under the command initially of jean baptiste piron 7 belgian soldiers remained in germany until 31 december 2005 8 belgian occupation sub zone of germany polish units mainly from 1st armoured division were stationed in the northern area of the district of emsland as well as in the areas of oldenburg and leer citation needed this region bordered the netherlands and covered an area of 6 500 km 2 and was originally intended to serve as a collection and dispersal territory for the millions of polish displaced persons in germany and western europe after the war citation needed early british proposals for this to form the basis of a formal polish zone of occupation were however soon abandoned due to soviet opposition the zone had a large camp constructed largely for displaced persons and was administered by the polish government in exile the administrative centre of the polish occupation zone was the city of haren the german population of which was temporarily removed the city was renamed maczków after stanisław maczek from 1945 to 1947 once the british recognised the pro soviet government in poland and withdrew recognition from the london based polish government in exile the emsland zone became more of an embarrassment polish units within the british army were demobilised in june 1947 the expelled german populations were allowed to return and the last polish residents left in 1948 citation needed in 1946 the norwegian brigade group in germany had 4 000 soldiers in hanover amongst whom was future chancellor willy brandt then a norwegian citizen as press attaché in 1947 during summer a danish brigade in germany of 4 000 men under british command occupied oldenburg after an agreement signed at copenhagen in april 1947 between denmark and united kingdom 9 a danish occupation force was formally established on 7 october 1949 the headquarters was in the town of jever in east friesland however it was decided to move the brigade to itzehoe in october 1949 naming itself as tysklandsbrigaden 10 it remained stationed at itzehoe under the name of the danish command in germany until 1958 the london conference of 23 april 1949 during the six power conference gave to the netherlands some less far reaching border modifications after the failure of the bakker schut plan so at 12 noon that day dutch troops moved to occupy an area of 69 km 2 17 000 acres whose most relevant parts were elten near emmerich am rhein and selfkant many other small border corrections were made mostly in the vicinity of arnhem and dinxperlo which also were part of this small dutch sub zone of occupation citation needed french zone edit main article french occupation zone in germany french forces in front of the brandenburg gate in berlin 1946 the french republic was at first not granted an occupation zone in germany but the british and american governments later agreed to cede some western parts of their zones of occupation to the french army 11 in april and may 1945 the french 1st army had captured karlsruhe and stuttgart and conquered a territory extending to hitler s eagle s nest and the westernmost part of austria in july the french relinquished stuttgart to the americans and in exchange were given control over cities west of the rhine such as mainz and koblenz 12 all this resulted in two barely contiguous areas of germany along the french border which met at just a single point along the river rhine three german states land were established rheinland pfalz in the north and west and on t...