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e was eventually forced into exile in june 1917 a new national government under venizelos joined the entente while the greek national defence army corps fought with the allies on the macedonian front montenegro edit main article kingdom of montenegro nicholas i accepting the surrender of scutari april 1913 montenegro s major gain from the balkan war it was relinquished several months later unlike serbia with whom it shared close cultural and political connections the kingdom of montenegro gained little from its participation in the 1912 1913 balkan wars the main montenegrin offensive was in ottoman controlled albania where it suffered heavy losses during the seven month siege of scutari austria hungary opposed serb or montenegrin control of albania since it provided access to the adriatic sea despite scutari s surrender montenegro was forced to relinquish it by the 1913 treaty of london and it became capital of the short lived principality of albania 74 this was largely an austrian creation the new ruler william prince of albania was a german who was forced into exile in september only seven months after taking up his new position and later served with the imperial german army 75 montenegrin soldiers leaving for the front october 1914 in addition to the lack of substantive gains from the balkan wars there were long running internal divisions between those who like nicholas i preferred an independent montenegro and those who advocated union with serbia in july 1914 montenegro was not only militarily and economically exhausted but also faced a multitude of political economic and social issues 76 at meetings held in march 1914 austria hungary and germany agreed union with serbia must be prevented montenegro could either remain independent or be divided its coastal areas becoming part of albania while the rest could join serbia 76 nicholas seriously considered neutrality as a way to preserve his dynasty and on 31 july notified the russian ambassador montenegro would only respond to an austrian attack he also held discussions with austria proposing neutrality or even active support in return for territorial concessions in albania 77 however close links between the serbian and montenegrin militaries as well as popular sentiment meant there was little support for remaining neutral especially after russia joined the war on 1 august the national assembly declared war on austria hungary in fulfilment of its obligations to serbia after some initial success in january 1916 the montenegrin army was forced to surrender to an austro hungarian force beda edit the beda sultanate was invaded by ottoman forces in february 1915 and march 1916 78 britain assisted the beda sultanate in defeating the ottoman invasions by sending arms and ammunition 79 asir edit the idrisid emirate of asir participated in the arab revolt its emir muhammad ibn ali al idrisi signed an agreement with the british and joined the allies in may 1915 nejd and hasa edit the emirate of nejd and hasa launched a failed offensive against the ottoman aligned emirate of jabal shammar in january 1915 it then agreed to enter the war as an ally of britain in the treaty of darin on 26 december 1915 80 romania edit main articles kingdom of romania romanian old kingdom and romania in world war i romanian 250 mm negrei model 1916 mortar at the national military museum vlaicu iii romanian troops at mărășești equal status with the main entente powers was one of the primary conditions for romania s entry into the war the powers officially recognised this status through the 1916 treaty of bucharest 81 romania fought on three of the four european fronts eastern balkan and italian fielding in total over 1 200 000 troops 82 romanian military industry was mainly focused on converting various fortification guns into field and anti aircraft artillery up to 334 german 53 mm fahrpanzer guns 93 french 57 mm hotchkiss guns 66 krupp 150 mm guns and dozens more 210 mm guns were mounted on romanian built carriages and transformed into mobile field artillery with 45 krupp 75 mm guns and 132 hotchkiss 57 mm guns being transformed into anti aircraft artillery the romanians also upgraded 120 german krupp 105 mm howitzers the result being the most effective field howitzer in europe at that time romania even managed to design and build from scratch its own model of mortar the 250 mm negrei model 1916 83 other romanian technological assets include the building of vlaicu iii the world s first aircraft made of metal 84 the romanian navy possessed the largest warships on the danube they were a class of four river monitors built locally at the galați shipyard using parts manufactured in austria hungary the first one launched was lascăr catargiu in 1907 85 86 the romanian monitors displaced almost 700 tons were armed with three 120 mm naval guns in three turrets two 120 mm naval howitzers four 47 mm anti aircraft guns and two 6 5 machine guns 87 the monitors took part in the battle of turtucaia and the first battle of cobadin the romanian designed schneider 150 mm model 1912 howitzer was considered one of the most modern field guns on the western front 88 romania s entry into the war in august 1916 provoked major changes for the germans general erich von falkenhayn was dismissed and sent to command the central powers forces in romania which enabled hindenburg s subsequent ascension to power 10 due to having to fight against all of the central powers on the longest front in europe 1 600 km and with little foreign help only 50 000 russians aided 650 000 romanians in 1916 89 the romanian capital was conquered that december vlaicu iii was also captured and shipped to germany being last seen in 1942 90 the romanian administration established a new capital at iași and continued to fight on the allied side in 1917 91 despite being relatively short the romanian campaign of 1916 provided considerable respite for the western allies as the germans ceased all their other offensive operations in order to deal with romania 92 after suffering a tactical defeat against the romanians aided by russians in july 1917 at mărăști the central powers launched two counterattacks at mărășești and oituz the german offensive at mărășești was soundly defeated with german prisoners later telling their romanian captors that german casualties were extremely heavy and that they had not encountered such stiff resistance since the battles of somme and verdun 93 the austro hungarian offensive at oituz also failed on 22 september the austro hungarian enns class river monitor sms inn was sunk by a romanian mine near brăila 94 95 after russia signed the treaty of brest litovsk and dropped out of the war romania was left surrounded by the central powers and eventually signed a similar treaty on 7 may 1918 despite being forced to cede land to austria hungary and bulgaria romania ended up with a net gain in territory due to the union with bessarabia on 10 november romania re entered the war and fought a war with hungary that lasted until august 1919 republic of the united states of brazil edit main article brazil during world war i brazilian soldiers in world war i brazil entered the war in 1917 after the united states intervened on the basis of germany s unrestricted submarine warfare sinking its merchant ships which brazil also cited as a reason to enter the war fighting against germany and the central powers the first brazilian republic sent the naval division in war operations that joined the british fleet in gibraltar and made the first brazilian naval effort in international waters in compliance with the commitments made at the inter american conference held in paris from 20 november to 3 december 1917 the brazilian government sent a medical mission composed of civilian and military surgeons to work in field hospitals of the european theatre a contingent of sergeants and officers to serve with the french army airmen from the army and navy to join the royal air force and the employment of part of the fleet primarily in the anti submarine war non state combatants edit three non state combatants which voluntarily fought with the allies and seceded from the constituent states of the central powers at the end of the war were allowed to participate as winning nations to the peace treaties citation needed armenian irregulars and volunteers seceded from the russian empire in the aftermath of the russian revolution and fought against the ottoman empire assyrian volunteers under mar shimun xix benyamin and the assyrian tribal chiefs decided to side with the allies first with russia and next with the british in the hope that they might secure after the victory self government for the assyrians 96 the french also joined the alliance with the assyrians offering them 20 000 rifles and the assyrian army grew to 20 000 men co led by agha petros of the bit bazi tribe and malik khoshaba of the bit tiyari tribe 97 98 polish legions czechoslovak legions armed by france italy and russia additionally there were also several kurdish rebellions during world war i most of these except for the uprisings of august 1917 were not supported by any of the allied powers 99 leaders edit main article allied leaders of world war i military leaders of world war i jules jacques de dixmude belgium armando diaz italy ferdinand foch france john pershing united states and david beatty united kingdom marshal foch s victory harmony banner serbia edit peter i king of serbia crown prince alexander regent commander in chief nikola pašić prime minister of serbia field marshal radomir putnik chief of the general staff of the serbian army 1914 1915 general field marshal živojin mišić deputy chief of the general staff 1914 commander of first army 1914 1915 1917 later chief of the general staff 1918 general field marshal petar bojović commander of the first army 1914 deputy chief of general staff 1915 1916 chief of the general staff 1916 1917 later commander of the first army 1918 general field marshal stepa stepanović commander of the second army 1914 1918 general pavle jurišić šturm commander of the third army 1914 1916 colonel dušan stefanović sr minister of war 1914 colonel radivoje bojović sr minister of war 1914 1915 colonel general božidar terzić sr minister of war 1915 1918 general mihailo rašić minister of war 1918 colonel general miloš vasić commander of the first army 1916 1917 commander of the third army 1916 montenegro edit nicholas i king of montenegro commander in chief general serdar janko vukotić prime minister commander of the 1st montenegrin army general božidar janković chief of the general staff of the montenegrin army 1914 1915 colonel petar pešić deputy chief of the general staff of the montenegrin army 1914 1915 later chief of the general staff of the montenegrin army 1915 1916 crown prince danilo ii petrović njegoš in the staff of the 1st montenegrin army brigadier krsto popović in the staff of the 1st montenegrin army aide de camp to serdar janko vukotić general anto gvozdenović king s aide de camp general mitar martinović commander of several detachments in the montenegrin army drina and herzegovina detachments together in 1914 1915 kotor detachment in 1916 russia 1914 1917 edit meeting of the russian high command nicholas ii russian emperor king of poland and grand duke of finland until 15 march 1917 grand duke nicholas nikolaevich commander in chief 1 august 1914 5 september 1916 and viceroy in the caucasus ivan goremykin chairmen of council of ministers of the russian empire 1 august 1914 2 february 1916 boris stürmer chairmen of council of ministers of the russian empire 2 february 1916 23 november 1916 alexander trepov chairmen of council of ministers of the russian empire 23 november 1916 27 december 1916 nikolai golitsyn chairmen of council of ministers of the russian empire 27 december 1916 9 january 1917 general of the cavalry alexander samsonov commander of the russian second army for the invasion of east prussia 1 august 1914 29 august 1914 general of the cavalry paul von rennenkampf commander of the russian first army for the invasion of east prussia 1 august 1914 november 1914 general of the artillery nikolay ivanov commander of the russian army on the southwestern front 1 august 1914 march 1916 responsible for much of the action in galicia aleksei brusilov in rivne volhynian governorate 1915 general adjutant aleksei brusilov commander of the southwestenr front then provisional commander in chief after the tsar s abdication february 1917 august 1917 general of the infantry lavr georgievich kornilov commander of the southwestern front then commander in chief august 1917 general of the infantry aleksey kuropatkin commander of the northern front october 1915 1917 general of the infantry nikolai yudenich commander of the caucasus january 1915 may 1917 admiral andrei eberhardt commander of the black sea fleet 1914 16 admiral alexander kolchak commander of the black sea fleet 1916 17 admiral nikolai essen commander of the baltic fleet 1913 may 1915 belgium edit albert i of belgium king of the belgians 23 december 1909 17 february 1934 and commander in chief of the belgian army charles de broqueville prime minister 1912 1918 replaced by gérard cooreman in june 1918 shortly before the end of the war félix wielemans chief of staff of the belgian army gérard leman general commanding the defence of liège charles tombeur commander of the colonial force publique in the east african theatre france edit president raymond poincaré and king george v 1915 raymond poincaré president of france rené viviani prime minister of france 13 june 1914 29 october 1915 aristide briand prime minister of france 29 october 1915 20 march 1917 alexandre ribot prime minister of france 20 march 1917 12 september 1917 paul painlevé prime minister of france 12 september 1917 16 november 1917 georges clemenceau prime minister of france from 16 november 1917 divisional general marshal joseph joffre commander in chief of the french army 3 august 1914 13 december 1916 divisional general robert nivelle commander in chief of the french army 13 december 1916 april 1917 divisional general marshal philippe pétain commander in chief of the french army april 1917 11 november 1918 divisional general marshal ferdinand foch supreme allied commander 26 march 1918 11 november 1918 divisional general maurice sarrail commander of the allied armies at the salonika front 1915 1917 army general adolphe guillaumat commander of the allied armies at the salonika front 1917 1918 divisional general marshal louis franchet d espèrey commander of the allied armies at the salonika front 1918 brigadier general milan rastislav štefánik general of the french army commander of the czechoslovak legions britain and the british empire edit united kingdom edit first lord of the admiralty winston churchill 1914 douglas haig and ferdinand foch inspecting the gordon highlanders 1918 george v king of the united kingdom and the...