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Text of the page (random words):
tifunctional keyboards feature a touchscreen display to stream video control audio visual media and alarms execute application inputs configure individual desktop environments etc multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to pcs and other information sources multiple interfaces serial usb audio ethernet etc are used to integrate external devices some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls common environments for multifunctional keyboards are complex high performance workplaces for financial traders and control room operators emergency services security air traffic management industry utilities management etc ergonomic keyboards main article ergonomic keyboard an ergonomic keyboard is one that is designed with ergonomic considerations in mind to minimize muscle strain fatigue and other problems 19 ergonomic keyboards in essence are created with the aim of minimizing discomfort in users wrists and reducing unnecessary finger movements by rearranging or repositioning the keys for instance typing on a conventional keyboard layout can force the user into shoulder elevation wrist ulnar deviation and head rotation 20 385 consideration of physical ergonomics suggests the most relaxed typing position is one in which the keyboard user s forearms are parallel to the ground with wrists held straight to facilitate this posture klockenberg published a study in 1926 that suggested the primary key clusters for two handed typists should be split into left and right halves which are set at an angle to each other allowing the wrists to remain straight 20 385 21 a more detailed study was published in 1972 by kroemer suggesting that an adjustable split keyboard may reduce user pain 20 386 22 during the 1970s several studies were published suggesting that data entry operators were at risk of developing musculoskeletal injuries 20 387 non standard layout and special use types one handed main article one hand typing some keyboards have been designed for operation with only a single hand the first one a chorded keyboard was invented by douglas engelbart citation needed other examples of one handed keyboards include the frogpad the half keyboard 23 and one handed dvorak chorded main article chorded keyboard while other keyboards generally associate one action with each key chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses since there are many combinations available chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys court reporters stenotype machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time the fastest typists as of 2007 use a stenograph a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed caption reporters some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable such as on devices that can be used with only one hand and on small mobile devices that don t have room for larger keyboards chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient virtual main article virtual keyboard virtual keyboards sometimes called on screen keyboards rarely software keyboards consist of computer programs that display an image of a keyboard on the screen another input device such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be used to operate each virtual key to enter text virtual keyboards have become very popular in touchscreen enabled cell phones due to the additional cost and space requirements of other types of hardware keyboards microsoft windows mac os x and some varieties of linux include on screen keyboards that can be controlled with the mouse in these the mouse has to be maneuvered onto the on screen letters given by the software on the click of a letter the software writes the respective letter in the respective spot projection main article projection keyboard projection keyboards project an image of keys usually with a laser onto a flat surface the device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to watch where the user s fingers move and will count a key as being pressed when it sees the user s finger touch the projected image projection keyboards can simulate a full size keyboard from a very small projector because the keys are simply projected images they cannot be felt when pressed users of projected keyboards often experience increased discomfort in their fingertips because of the lack of give when typing a flat non reflective surface is also required for the keys to be projected most projection keyboards are made for use with pdas and smartphones due to their small form factor optical keyboard technology further information keyboard technology also known as photo optical keyboard light responsive keyboard photo electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology an optical keyboard technology 24 better source needed utilizes leds and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter mounted on a small pcb the light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys most optical keyboards 25 require at least 2 beams most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam to determine the actuated key some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern allowing only one beam per row of keys most commonly horizontal beam key types alphanumeric main article alphanumeric a greek keyboard lets the user type in both greek and the latin alphabet macbook pro alphabetical numeric and punctuation keys are used in the same fashion as a typewriter keyboard to enter their respective symbol into a word processing program text editor data spreadsheet or other program many of these keys will produce different symbols when modifier keys or shift keys are pressed the alphabetic characters become uppercase when the shift key or caps lock key is depressed the numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed the alphabetical numeric and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys the space bar is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row which is significantly wider than other keys like the alphanumeric characters it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing it is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily depending on the operating system when the space bar is used with a modifier key such as the control key it may have functions such as resizing or closing the current window half spacing or backspacing in computer games and other applications the key has myriad uses in addition to its normal purpose in typing such as jumping and adding marks to check boxes in certain programs for playback of digital video the space bar is used for pausing and resuming the playback modifier keys main article modifier key the control windows and alt keys are important modifier keys a space cadet keyboard has many modifier keys modifier keys are special keys that modify the normal action of another key when the two are pressed in combination for example alt f4 in microsoft windows will close the program in an active window in contrast pressing just f4 will probably do nothing unless assigned a specific function in a particular program by themselves modifier keys usually do nothing the most widely used modifier keys include the ctrl shift and alt keys the altgr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them on the macintosh and apple keyboards the modifier keys are the option and command keys respectively on sun microsystems and lisp machine keyboards the meta and super keys are used as a modifier and for windows keyboards there is a windows key compact keyboard layouts often use a fn key dead keys allow placement of a diacritic mark such as an accent on the following letter e g the compose key the enter return typically causes a command line window form or dialog box to operate its default function which is typically to finish an entry and begin the desired process in word processing applications pressing the enter key ends a paragraph and starts a new one cursor keys navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen 26 arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction page scroll keys such as the page up and page down keys scroll the page up and down the home key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located the end key puts the cursor at the end of the line the tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop the insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location and insert mode where the cursor inserts a character at its current position forcing all characters past it one position further the delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor s position moving all following characters one position back towards the freed place on many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled delete sometimes delete and backspace are printed on the same key serves the same purpose as a backspace key the backspace key deletes the preceding character lock keys lock part of a keyboard depending on the settings selected the lock keys are scattered around the keyboard most styles of keyboards have three leds indicating which locks are enabled in the upper right corner above the numeric pad the lock keys include scroll lock num lock which allows the use of the numeric keypad and caps lock 27 system commands 4800 52 mainframe dumb terminal keyboard circa mid 1980s note the obscure configuration of modifier and arrow keys line feed key break key blank keys and repeat key the print screen sysrq commands often share the same key sysrq was used in earlier computers as a panic button to recover from crashes and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the linux kernel see magic sysrq key the print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard break key main article break key the pause break key no longer has a well defined purpose its origins go back to teleprinter users who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line the break key can be used by software in several different ways such as to switch between multiple login sessions to terminate a program or to interrupt a modem connection in programming especially old dos style basic pascal and c break is used in conjunction with ctrl to stop program execution in addition to this linux and variants as well as many dos programs treat this combination the same as ctrl c on modern keyboards the break key is usually labeled pause break in most windows environments the key combination windows key pause brings up the system properties escape key main article esc key the esc key has a variety of meanings according to operating system application or both nearly all of the time 28 it signals stop 29 quit 30 or let me get out of a dialog or pop up window 28 31 it triggers the stop function in many web browsers 32 the escape key was part of the standard keyboard of the teletype model 33 introduced in 1964 and used with many early minicomputers 33 the dec vt50 introduced july 1974 also had an esc key the teco text editor ca 1963 and its descendant emacs ca 1985 use the esc key extensively historically it also served as a type of shift key such that one or more following characters were interpreted differently hence the term escape sequence which refers to a series of characters usually preceded by the escape character 34 35 on machines running microsoft windows prior to the implementation of the windows key on keyboards the typical practice for invoking the start button was to hold down the control key and press escape this process still works in windows 95 98 me nt 4 2000 xp vista 7 8 and 10 36 enter or return key main article enter key the enter and return keys are two closely related keys with overlapping and distinct functions dependent on operating system and application on full size keyboards there are two such keys one in the alphanumeric keys and the other one is in the numeric keys the purpose of the enter key is to confirm what has been typed the return key is based on the original line feed carriage return function of typewriters in many word processors for example the return key ends a paragraph in a spreadsheet it completes the current cell and move to the next cell the shape of the enter key differs between iso and ansi keyboards in the latter the enter key is in a single row usually the third from the bottom while in the former it spans over two rows and has an inverse l shape shift key main article shift key the purpose of the shift key is to invoke the first alternative function of the key with which it is pressed concurrently for alphabetic keys shift letter gives the upper case version of that letter for other keys the key is engraved with symbols for both the unshifted and shifted result when used in combination with other control keys such as ctrl alt or altgr the effect is system and application dependent menu key main article menu key the menu or application key is found on windows oriented computer keyboards it is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button the key s symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu on some samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present showing the menu only this key was created at the same time as the windows key this key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse some windows public terminals do not have a menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right clicking however in many windows applications a similar functionality can be invoked with the shift f10 keyboard shortcut number pad main article numeric keypad many but not all computer keyboards have a numeric keypad to the right of the alphabetic keyboard often separated from the other groups of keys such as the function keys and system command keys which contains numbers basic mathematical symbols e g addition subtraction etc and a few function keys in addition to the row of number keys above the top alphabetic row most desktop keyboards have a number pad or accounting pad on the right hand side of the keyboard while num lock is set the numbers on these keys duplicate the number row if not they have alternative functions as engraved in addition to numbers this pad has comm...