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contact the villagers provided food and water for the expedition who were suffering from scurvy and water deprivation 14 the first alta california mission was founded that same year adjacent to the village mission san diego de alcalá founded by the franciscan friar junípero serra and gaspar de portolá in san diego in 1769 15 similar to the site of this mission subsequent missions and presidios were often founded at the site of indigenous villages mission san gabriel arcángel was founded at the tongva village toviscanga 16 and the pueblo de los ángeles at the village of yaanga 17 the first settlers of los angeles were african and mulatto catholics including at least ten of the recently re discovered los pobladores 18 mission san juan capistrano was founded at the acjachemen village of acjacheme 19 mission san fernando was founded at achooykomenga 20 as the spanish and civilian settlers further intruded into indigenous lands and imposed their practices ideas of property and religion onto them backed by the force of soldiers and settlers indigenous peoples formed rebellions on spanish missions and settlements 21 a major rebellion at mission san gabriel in 1785 was led by the medicine woman toypurina 22 runaways from the missions were common where abuse malnourishment and overworking were common features of daily life 23 runaways would sometimes find shelter at more distant villages such as a group of runaways who found refuge at the vanyume village of wá peat the chief of which refused to give them up 24 25 many children died young at the missions one missionary reported that 3 of every 4 children born at mission san gabriel died before reaching the age of two 26 the precolonial indigenous population of california is estimated to have numbered around 340 000 people who were diverse culturally and linguistically 27 from 1769 to 1832 at least 87 787 baptisms and 63 789 deaths of indigenous peoples occurred demonstrating the immense death rate at the missions in alta california 28 conversion to christianity at the colonial missions was often resisted by indigenous peoples in alta california 21 many missionaries in the province wrote of their frustrations with teaching indigenous people to internalize catholic scripture and practice many indigenous people learned to navigate religious expectations at the missions with complex social behaviors in order to maintain their cultural and religious practices 21 establishment of ranchos edit in 1784 the spanish established the first rancho rancho san pedro as a 48 000 acre site for cattle grazing nine ranchos were subsequently established before 1800 29 spanish and later mexican governments rewarded retired soldados de cuera with large land grants known as ranchos for the raising of cattle and sheep hides and tallow from the livestock were the primary exports of california until the mid 19th century similar to the missions the construction ranching and domestic work on these vast estates was primarily done by indigenous peoples who learned to speak spanish and ride horses under spanish and mexican rule the ranchos prospered and grew rancheros cattle ranchers and pobladores townspeople evolved into the unique californio culture mission san carlos borromeo de carmelo established in 1770 was the headquarters of the californian mission system from 1797 until 1833 by law mission land and property were to pass to the indigenous population after a period of about ten years when the indigenous people would become spanish subjects in the interim period the franciscans were to act as mission administrators who held the land in trust for the indigenous residents the franciscans however prolonged their control over the missions even after control of alta california passed from spain to independent mexico and continued to run the missions until they were secularized beginning in 1833 the transfer of property never occurred under the franciscans 30 31 as the number of spanish settlers grew in alta california the boundaries and natural resources of the mission properties became disputed conflicts between the crown and the church arose over land state and ecclesiastical bureaucrats debated over authority of the missions 32 the franciscan priests of mission santa clara de asís sent a petition to the governor in 1782 which stated that the mission indians owned both the land and cattle and represented the ohlone against the spanish settlers in nearby san josé 33 the priests reported that indians crops were being damaged by the pueblo settlers livestock and that the settlers livestock was also getting mixed up with the livestock belonging to the indians from the mission causing losses they advocated that the indigenous people be allowed to own property and have the right to defend it 34 province of alta california edit in 1804 due to the growth of the spanish population in new northern settlements the province of las californias was divided just south of san diego following mission president francisco palóu s division between the dominican and franciscan jurisdictions governor diego de borica is credited with defining the border between alta upper and baja lower california s as palóu s division while the division became the political reality under josé joaquín de arrillaga who would become the first governor of alta california 35 36 the cortes legislature of new spain issued a decree in 1813 for at least partial secularization that affected all missions in america and was to apply to all outposts that had operated for ten years or more however the decree was never enforced in california the adams onís treaty of 1819 between the united states and spain established the northern limit of alta california at latitude 42 n which remains the boundary between the states of california nevada and utah to the south and oregon and idaho to the north to this day mexico won independence in 1821 and alta california became a territory of mexico the next year independent mexico 1821 1846 edit mexico in 1838 from britannica 7th edition mexico gained independence from spain on august 24 1821 upon conclusion of the decade long mexican war of independence as the successor state to the viceroyalty of new spain mexico automatically included the provinces of alta california and baja california as territories alta california declared allegiance to the new mexican nation and elected a representative to be sent to mexico city on november 9 1822 the first legislature of california was created the diputación de alta california 2 with the establishment of a republican government in 1824 alta california like many northern territories was not recognized as one of the constituent states of mexico because of its small population the 1824 constitution of mexico refers to alta california as a territory secularization of the missions 1833 edit resentment was increasing toward appointed territorial governors sent from mexico city who came with little knowledge of local conditions and concerns citation needed laws were imposed by the central government without much consideration of local conditions such as the mexican secularization act of 1833 13 causing friction between governors and the people in 1836 mexico repealed the 1824 federalist constitution and adopted a more centralist political organization under the seven laws that reunited alta and baja california in a single california department departamento de las californias 37 the change however had little practical effect in far off alta california the capital of alta california remained monterey as it had been since the 1769 portola expedition first established a military civil government and the local political structures were unchanged california revolt of 1836 edit the centralist republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the federal republic the revolt in las californias top far left orange was in 1836 area in rebellion area claimed by the republics of texas and the rio grande area not in rebellion the friction came to a head in 1836 when monterey born juan bautista alvarado led a revolt against the 1836 constitution seizing control of monterey from nicolás gutiérrez alvarado s actions nearly led to a civil war with loyalist forces based in los angeles but a ceasefire was arranged after an unsettled period alvarado agreed to support the 1839 constitution and mexico city appointed him to serve as governor from 1837 to 1842 other californio governors followed including carlos antonio carrillo and pío pico the last non californian governor manuel micheltorena was driven out after another rebellion in 1845 micheltorena was replaced by pío pico last mexican governor of california who served until 1846 when the u s military occupation began early american interest in alta california edit date timeline of events through 1841 1816 thomas w doak from boston became the first anglo american to settle in spanish california after arriving in monterey bay aboard his ship the albatross he was baptized at san carlos mission in 1816 as felipe santiago and was employed at san juan bautista mission in 1818 38 09 apr 1822 at the governor s hall in monterey a californio committee voted in favor of joining the newly independent first mexican empire ruled by emperor iturbide in mexico city 39 1823 british american john rogers cooper settled in mexican california arriving in monterey bay aboard his ship the rover he was the half brother of thomas o larkin 40 04 oct 1824 mexico dissolved its monarchy and formed the first mexican republic the new 1824 mexican constitution split las californias into two provinces alta and baja california at the palóu line 27 nov 1826 american fur trapper jedediah smith arrived at san gabriel mission smith s party became the first anglo americans to travel into california via a land trail from the u s he was detained and jailed in san diego by governor echeandía for illegal entry into alta california echeandía ordered him to leave the same way he came to california smith however traveled into the california central valley looking for the fabled buenaventura river smith eventually left through ebbetts pass in spring 1827 becoming the first non native to cross the sierra nevada mountain range 19 sep 1827 jedediah smith leading a second california expedition arrived at mission san josé he rendezvoused with his men after a native american attack in the mojave desert he was again arrested by governor echeandía for illegal entry and again released after several english speaking california residents vouched for him smith was ordered to leave and never return to california 41 smith remained in california for months exploring the northern sacramento valley and left california into oregon country 12 jan 1828 the 1828 treaty of limits was concluded at mexico city the treaty recognized the mexico u s boundary that had been established by the 1819 adams onís treaty between spain and the u s 1829 abel stearns an american trader settled in the pueblo de los angeles in 1829 and became a major landowner and cattle rancher and one of the area s wealthiest citizens 31 jan 1830 antonio armijo arrived at san gabriel mission establishing a land route between the mexican provinces of new mexico and alta california his route the southernmost and most direct was known as the armijo route of the old spanish trail 11 july 1830 american fur trapper ewing young who had followed jedediah smith s trail arrived at mission san josé after a mexican official who encountered him trapping in the central valley summoned him there young sold his fur pelts in san francisco and los angeles later returning to taos new mexico after his fur trading made him one of the wealthiest americans in mexican territory 42 43 early 1831 william wolfskill with a party of mountain men that included george c yount arrived in southern california using jedediah smith s trail across the mojave desert having left taos new mexico in september 1830 later after time spent hunting sea otters on the coast wolfskill returned to southern california while yount decided to go north and the two parted company yount settled in the napa valley apr 1832 thomas o larkin settled in alta california his elder half brother pioneer businessman john rogers cooper had invited larkin to join him propelling larkin to success and wealth larkin served as the only u s consul to alta california during the mexican era and was covertly involved in u s plans to annex california from mexico 44 1833 bent s fort was built on the mexico u s border adjacent to the arkansas river the fort was the only major anglo american permanent settlement on the santa fe trail between missouri and the mexican settlements it was destroyed in 1849 fall 1833 benjamin bonneville led a u s expedition to the great salt lake area he dispatched joseph r walker to lead an auxiliary expedition into california where he reached half moon bay on november 20 walker discovered a route along the humboldt river across present day nevada as well as walker pass across the sierra nevada the path later became known as the california trail the primary route for immigrants into california 14 feb 1834 joseph walker party left california after camping for the winter under the authorization of california governor josé figueroa the walker party rendezvoused with bonneville in utah reaching him on july 12 13 apr 1834 thomas o larkin s son thomas oliver jr was born in monterey the first child of u s parents born in california 45 the mother of the child rachel hobson holmes was the first american woman to live in california 46 06 aug 1835 u s president andrew jackson sent anthony butler to mexico city to negotiate the purchase of the mexican provinces of texas new mexico and alta california 47 which the mexican government refused jackson attempted to buy california two more times 15 dec 1835 general antonio lópez de santa anna took power in a coup and turned mexico into a unitary state alta california and baja california territories were merged as the department of las californias as part of the reforms made under las siete leyes formalized under santa anna 03 nov 1836 california interim governor nicolás gutiérrez who had been sent directly from the centralist mexican government was ousted by local californians after one cannon was fired californio juan bautista alvarado was installed in his place by local californians 07 nov 1836 led by juan bautista alvarado a californio independence movement against centralist mexico declared the independence of alta california alvarado stated that alta california was free and would sever her relations with mexico until she ceased to be oppressed a negotiated settlement led to mexico s california territory becoming two departments thus giving more autonomy to californios mexico mandated that alvarado remain governor of alta california 17 jan 1837 mexican president antonio lópez de santa anna arrived in washington d c after his liberation by ...