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english türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from american theater world war ii world war ii area of operations including north and south america for stage theater in the united states during this period see theater in the united states during wwii not to be confused with the home front a concept for the role of civilians in wartime american theater part of world war ii a united states coast guardsman on sentry duty in alaska during world war ii date 1939 1945 location americas atlantic ocean pacific ocean result allied victory axis objectives failed or did not affect the outcome of the conflict belligerents allies united states from 1941 canada united kingdom newfoundland free france netherlands from 1940 panama from 1941 costa rica from 1941 dominican republic from 1941 el salvador from 1941 haiti from 1941 honduras from 1941 nicaragua from 1941 cuba from 1941 guatemala from 1941 mexico from 1942 brazil from 1942 bolivia from 1943 colombia from 1943 ecuador from 1945 paraguay from 1945 peru from 1945 uruguay from 1945 venezuela from 1945 argentina from 1945 chile from 1945 axis germany italy from 1940 japan from 1941 vichy france until 1943 commanders and leaders franklin d roosevelt harry s truman w l mackenzie king winston churchill getúlio vargas manuel ávila camacho fulgencio batista adolf hitler benito mussolini hirohito v t e american theater wwii battle of the atlantic caribbean canada angler pow escape st lawrence bell island estevan point lighthouse bowmanville kiebitz point maisonnette united states machita incident aleutian islands torpedo alley ellwood california ships los angeles pastorius fort stevens lordsburg killings lookout air raids duquesne spies fort stanton pelikan port chicago fort lawton fire balloon attacks elster great papago escape santa fe riot point judith utah prisoner of war massacre central and south america river plate bolívar pelikan saint pierre and miquelon greenland german weather stations v t e pacific war east asia china japan volcano and ryukyu manchuria southeast asia french indochina thailand indian ocean malaya singapore burma 1941 1942 1942 1943 1943 1944 northern burma 1944 1945 philippines 1941 1942 dutch east indies celebes sumatra java timor philippines 1944 1945 visayas luzon mindanao leyte gulf borneo pacific ocean hawaiian islands wake island guam coral sea midway new guinea kokoda track milne bay buna gona new britain huon peninsula salamaua lae markham valley western new guinea solomon islands guadalcanal new georgia bougainville gilbert and marshall islands mariana and palau islands north america ellwood aleutian islands estevan point lighthouse fort stevens lookout air raids fire balloon bombs project hula px v t e japanese offensives 1940 1942 1940 manchukuo chongqing south guangxi baotou west suiyuan zaoyang yichang french indochina ningbo central hubei north china 1941 panjiayu south henan western hubei shanggao south shanxi 2nd changsha malaya pearl harbor thailand hong kong philippines guam wake sand island niʻihau gilbert islands indian ocean borneo dutch east indies burma 3rd changsha 1942 nanshitou timor new guinea qantas short empire shootdown singapore darwin ellwood broome knilm douglas dc 3 shootdown operation k andaman and nicobar christmas island ceylon solomons tulagi coral sea nauru and ocean islands zhejiang jiangxi madagascar aleutian islands midway sydney newcastle fort stevens dureenbee mount emily v t e atlantic campaign americas united states caribbean st lawrence northern barrage blockade of germany gibraltar 1939 river plate 1940 hx 47 hx 49 1st happy time hx 65 sc 2 hx 72 sc 7 hx 79 hx 84 nordseetour hx 90 1941 sc 19 sc 20 berlin hx 106 hg 53 ob 293 hx 112 4 april ob 318 hx 126 rheinübung denmark strait bismarck hx 133 og 69 og 71 sc 42 hg 73 sc 48 hx 156 hg 76 1942 postmaster 2nd happy time torpedo alley sinking of u 85 sc 67 neuland on 67 27 march og 82 connecticut on 92 6 june hg 84 sl 78 qs 15 on 113 on 115 sc 94 18 august on 122 bell island qs 33 on 127 laconia eisbär sq 36 sc 100 27 september sg 6 ln 6 sc 104 hx 212 sl 125 sc 107 on 144 on 153 on 154 1943 tm 1 sg 19 sc 118 on 166 uc 1 sc 121 hx 228 rs 3 ugs 6 hx 229 sc 122 hx 231 black may ons 5 hx 237 sc 129 sc 130 faith ons 18 on 202 sc 143 ons 20 on 206 sept îles on 207 sl 138 mks 28 sl 139 mks 30 sl 140 mks 31 stonewall bay of biscay 1944 lyme bay 26 april 1944 capture of u 505 hx 300 wep 3 bx 141 1945 teardrop point judith 5 6 may 1945 7 8 may 1945 v t e campaigns of world war ii europe poland phoney war finland winter war karelia lapland denmark and norway finnmark western front 1940 luxembourg netherlands belgium france alps 1940 1944 britain balkans greco italian war greece crete yugoslavia guerilla war eastern front berlin italy sicily mainland italy western front 1944 1945 pacific china pacific ocean southwest pacific southeast asia japan manchuria and northeast asia mediterranean and middle east adriatic mediterranean sea malta dodecanese north africa libya egypt morocco algeria tunisia east africa guerrilla war middle east iraq syria lebanon iran other campaigns americas antarctica australia atlantic arctic air warfare strategic bombing french west africa indian ocean 1941 1945 madagascar the american theater 1 was a theater of operations during world war ii including all continental american territory and extending 200 miles 320 km into the ocean owing to north and south america s geographical separation from the central theaters of conflict in europe the mediterranean and middle east and the pacific the threat of an invasion of the continental united states or other areas in the americas by the axis powers was negligible and the theater saw relatively little conflict military engagements include the battle of the river plate submarine attacks off the east coast the aleutian islands campaign the battle of the st lawrence and the attacks on newfoundland espionage efforts included operation bolívar german operations edit south america edit see also latin america during world war ii admiral graf spee burning and sinking off montevideo battle of the river plate edit main article battle of the river plate the first naval battle during the war was fought on december 13 1939 off the atlantic coast of south america the german pocket battleship admiral graf spee acting as a commerce raider encountered one of the british naval units searching for her composed of three royal navy cruisers hms exeter ajax and achilles the unit was patrolling off the river plate estuary of argentina and uruguay in a bloody engagement admiral graf spee successfully repulsed the british attacks captain hans langsdorff then brought his damaged ship to shelter in neutral uruguay for repairs however british intelligence successfully deceived langsdorff into believing that a much superior british force had now gathered to wait for him and he scuttled his ship at montevideo to save his crew s lives before committing suicide german combat losses were 96 killed or wounded against 72 british sailors killed and 28 wounded two royal navy cruisers had been severely damaged 2 submarine warfare edit main article battle of the atlantic u 199 under attack by brazilian air force pby catalina 31 july 1943 u boat operations in the region centered in the atlantic narrows between brazil and west africa began in autumn 1940 after negotiations with brazilian foreign minister osvaldo aranha on behalf of dictator getúlio vargas the u s introduced its air force along brazil s coast in the second half of 1941 germany and italy subsequently extended their submarine attacks to include brazilian ships wherever they were and from april 1942 were found in brazilian waters 3 on 22 may 1942 the first brazilian attack although unsuccessful was carried out by brazilian air force aircraft on the italian submarine barbarigo 4 after a series of attacks on merchant vessels off the brazilian coast by u 507 4 brazil officially entered the war on 22 august 1942 offering an important addition to the allied strategic position in the south atlantic 5 although the brazilian navy was small it had modern minelayers suitable for coastal convoy escort and aircraft which needed only small modifications to become suitable for maritime patrol 6 during its three years of war mainly in caribbean and south atlantic alone and in conjunction with the u s brazil escorted 3 167 ships in 614 convoys totalling 16 500 000 tons with losses of 0 1 7 brazil saw three of its warships sunk and 486 men killed in action 332 in the cruiser bahia 972 seamen and civilian passengers were also lost aboard the 32 brazilian merchant vessels attacked by enemy submarines 8 american and brazilian air and naval forces worked closely together until the end of the battle one example was the sinking of u 199 in july 1943 by a coordinated action of brazilian and american aircraft 9 10 only in brazilian waters eleven other axis submarines were known sunk between january and september 1943 the italian archimede and ten german boats u 128 u 161 u 164 u 507 u 513 u 590 u 591 u 598 u 604 and u 662 10 11 12 by late 1943 the decreasing number of allied shipping losses in south atlantic coincided with the increasing elimination of axis submarines operating there 13 from then the battle in the region was lost for germans even with the most of remaining submarines in the region receiving official order of withdrawal only in august of the following year and with baron jedburgh the last allied merchant ship sunk by a u boat u 532 there on 10 march 1945 14 united states edit duquesne spy ring edit main article duquesne spy ring fritz joubert duquesne fbi file photo even before the war a large nazi spy ring was found operating in the united states as of 2023 the duquesne spy ring is still the largest espionage case in united states history that ended in convictions the 33 german agents who formed the duquesne spy ring were placed in key jobs in the united states to get information that could be used in the event of war and to carry out acts of sabotage one man opened a restaurant and used his position to get information from his customers another worked at an airline so he could report allied ships crossing the atlantic ocean others in the ring worked as deliverymen so they could deliver secret messages alongside normal messages the ring was led by captain fritz joubert duquesne a south african boer who spied for germany in both world wars and is best known as the man who killed kitchener after he was awarded the iron cross for his key role in the sabotage and sinking of hms hampshire in 1916 15 william g sebold a double agent for the united states was a major factor in the fbi s successful resolution of this case for nearly two years sebold ran a secret radio station in new york for the ring sebold provided the fbi with information on what germany was sending to its spies in the united states while allowing the fbi to control the information that was being transmitted to germany on june 29 1941 six months before the u s declared war the fbi acted all 33 spies were arrested found or pleaded guilty and sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison 16 operation pastorius edit main article operation pastorius after declaring war on the united states following the attack on pearl harbor adolf hitler ordered the remaining german saboteurs to wreak havoc on america 17 the responsibility for carrying this out was given to german intelligence abwehr in the spring of 1942 nine agents were recruited one eventually dropping out and divided into two teams the first commanded by george john dasch included ernst peter burger heinrich heinck and richard quirin the second under command of edward kerling included hermann neubauer werner thiel and herbert haupt on june 12 1942 the german submarine u 202 landed dasch s team with explosives and plans at amagansett new york 18 their mission was to destroy power plants at niagara falls and three aluminum company of america alcoa factories in illinois tennessee and new york however dasch instead turned himself in to the fbi providing them with a complete list of his team members and an account of the planned missions which led to their arrests on june 17 kerling s team landed from u 584 at ponte vedra beach 25 miles 40 km south east of jacksonville florida they were ordered to place mines in four areas the pennsylvania railroad in newark new jersey canal sluices in both st louis missouri and cincinnati ohio and new york city s water supply pipes the team members made their way to cincinnati and then split up two going to chicago illinois and the others to new york dasch s confession led to the arrest of all of the men by july 10 because the german agents were captured in civilian clothes though they had landed in uniforms they were tried by a military tribunal in washington d c with six of them sentenced to death for spying president franklin d roosevelt approved the sentences the constitutionality of military tribunals was upheld by the u s supreme court in ex parte quirin on july 31 and the six men were executed by electrocution at the d c jail on august 8 dasch and burger were given thirty year prison sentences because they had turned themselves in to the fbi and provided information about the others both were released in 1948 and deported to germany 19 dasch aka george davis who had been a longtime american resident before the war suffered a difficult life in germany after his return from u s custody because he had betrayed his comrades to the u s authorities as a condition of his deportation he was not permitted to return to the united states even though he spent many years writing letters to prominent american authorities j edgar hoover president eisenhower etc seeking permission to return he eventually moved to switzerland and wrote a book titled eight spies against america 20 operation magpie edit main article operation elster in 1944 another attempt at infiltration was made codenamed operation elster magpie elster involved erich gimpel and german american defector william colepaugh their mission s objective was to gather intelligence on a variety of military subjects and transmit it back to germany by a radio to be constructed by gimpel they sailed from kiel on u 1230 and landed at hancock point maine on november 29 1944 both then made their way to new york but the operation soon collapsed colepaugh lost his nerve and turned himself in to the fbi on december 26 confessing the whole plan and naming gimpel gimpel was then arrested fou...