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nte alban was deserted for unknown reasons 176 teotihuacan developed around ad 200 and centred on the city of teotihuacan which grew to perhaps as many as 200 000 inhabitants at its height teotihuacan lasted until around ad 700 when it was burned and vandalised 177 maya culture began to emerge around ad 300 in the yucatan peninsula and modern day guatemala during the 600 years of the classical maya period 178 more than 80 mayan sites were built with temples pyramids and palaces the focal point of each centre the most influential was tikal but mayan civilisation was based on city states which often were at war with each other this seems not to have restricted trade which went on between the cities a priestly elite kept astronomical and calendrical knowledge recording it with a writing system based on the olmec system of glyphs history poetry and other records were recorded in books most of which did not survive the spanish conquest of mesoamerica mathematics was also studied and they used the concept of zero in their calculations the mayan civilisation began to decline about ad 800 and most of its cities were deserted soon afterwards 179 northern america edit organized societies in the ancient united states or canada were often mound builder civilisations one of the most significant of these was the poverty point culture that existed in the u s state of louisiana and was responsible for the creation of over 100 mound sites the mississippi river was a core area in the development of long distance trade and culture following poverty point successive complex cultures such as the hopewell emerged in the southeastern united states in the early woodland period before ad 500 many mound builder societies retained a hunter gatherer form of subsistence citation needed europe edit main articles neolithic europe bronze age europe and iron age europe greece edit main articles etruscans ancient greece and culture of ancient rome see also classical antiquity the parthenon a temple dedicated to athena located on the acropolis in athens greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in europe beginning with the cycladic culture on the islands of the aegean sea around 3200 bc 180 and the minoan civilisation in crete 2700 1500 bc 181 182 the minoans built large palaces decorated with frescoes and wrote in the undeciphered script known as linear a the mycenaean civilization the first distinctively greek civilisation later emerged on the mainland 1600 1100 bc consisting of a network of palace centred states and writing the earliest attested form of greek with the linear b script 182 the mycenaeans gradually absorbed the minoans but collapsed violently around 1200 bc along with several other civilizations in the eastern mediterranean during the regional event known as the late bronze age collapse 183 this ushered in a period known as the greek dark ages from which written records are absent citation needed the archaic period in greece is generally considered to have lasted from around the 8th century bc to the invasion by xerxes in 480 bc this period saw the expansion of the greek world around the mediterranean with the founding of greek city states as far afield as sicily in the west and the black sea in the east 184 politically the archaic period in greece saw the collapse of the power of the old aristocracies with democratic reforms in athens and the development of sparta s unique constitution the end of the archaic period also saw the rise of athens which would come to be a dominant power in the classical period after the reforms of solon and the tyranny of pisistratus 185 map of alexander s short lived empire 334 323 bc after his death the lands were divided between the diadochi the classical greek world was dominated throughout the 5th century bc by the major powers of athens and sparta through the delian league athens was able to convert pan hellenist sentiment and fear of the persian threat into a powerful empire and this along with the conflict between sparta and athens culminating in the peloponnesian war was the major political development of the first part of the classical period 186 the period in greek history from the death of alexander the great until the rise of the roman empire and its conquest of egypt in 30 bc is known as the hellenistic period 187 after alexander s death a series of wars between his successors eventually led to three large states being formed from parts of alexander s conquests each ruled by a dynasty founded by one of the successors these were the antigonids the selucids and the ptolemies 188 these three kingdoms along with smaller kingdoms spread greek culture and lifestyles into asia and egypt these varying states eventually were conquered by rome or the parthian empire 189 rome edit roman empire ad 117 the senatorial provinces were acquired first under the roman republic and were under the roman senate s control the imperial provinces were controlled directly by the roman emperor ancient rome was a civilisation that grew out of the city state of rome originating as a small agricultural community founded on the italian peninsula in the 8th century bc with influences from greece and other italian civilisations such as the etruscans traditionally rome was founded as a monarchy that then became a republic 190 rome expanded through the italian peninsula through a series of wars in the fifth through the third centuries bc 191 this expansion brought the roman republic into conflict with carthage leading to a series of punic wars that ended with the destruction of carthage in 146 bc 192 rome then expanded into greece and the eastern mediterranean 193 while a series of internal conflicts led to the republic becoming an empire ruled by an emperor by the first century ad 194 throughout the first and second centuries ad the empire grew slightly while spreading roman culture throughout its boundaries 195 a number of factors led to the eventual decline of the roman empire the western half of the empire including hispania gaul and italy eventually broke into independent kingdoms in the 5th century ad 196 the eastern roman empire governed from constantinople is referred to as the byzantine empire after ad 476 197 the traditional date for the fall of rome and subsequent onset of the middle ages 198 late antiquity edit main article late antiquity the age of migrations in europe was deeply detrimental to the late roman empire the roman empire underwent considerable social cultural and organisational change starting with reign of diocletian who began the custom of splitting the empire into eastern and western halves ruled by multiple emperors 199 constantine the great initiated the process of christianisation of the empire and established a new capital at constantinople 200 migrations of germanic tribes disrupted roman rule from the late 4th century onwards culminating in the eventual collapse of the empire in the west in 476 replaced by the so called barbarian kingdoms 198 the resultant cultural fusion of greco roman germanic and christian traditions formed the cultural foundations of europe there has been attempt by scholars to connect european late antiquity to other areas in eurasia 201 nomads and iron age peoples edit further information anglo saxons and celts the celts were a diverse group of tribal societies in iron age europe proto celtic culture formed in the early iron age in central europe hallstatt period named for the site in present day austria by the later iron age la tène period celts had expanded over wide range of lands as far west as ireland and the iberian peninsula as far east as galatia central anatolia and as far north as scotland 202 by the early centuries ad following the expansion of the roman empire and the great migrations of germanic peoples celtic culture had become restricted to the british isles 203 the huns were a nomadic people who formed a large state in eastern europe by about ad 400 and under their leader attila they fought against both sections of the roman empire however after attila s death the state fell apart and the huns influence in history disappeared 204 the hun xiongnu connection is controversial at best and is often disputed but is also not completely discredited 205 206 migration of germanic peoples to britain from what is now northern germany and southern scandinavia is attested from the 5th century 207 groups of goths migrated into western europe with the ostrogoths eventually settling in italy before being conquered by the lombards 208 a related people the visigoths settled in spain founding a kingdom that lasted until it was conquered by islamic rulers in the ad 700s 207 several indo european speaking peoples inhabited the balkan peninsula including the thracians and illyrians that were divided into many tribes the first illyrian tribe to create its own kingdom was the enchelei which formed its own state around the 8th 7th century bc 209 and reached the height of their power under king bardylis 210 the ardiani were infamous for their piracy and wars against the roman empire for the first time between 229 bc 228 bc 211 then for a second time during 220 bc 219 bc 212 and for a third time during 168 bc 213 developments edit religion and philosophy edit main articles axial age history of philosophy and history of religion further information religions of the ancient near east ancient egyptian religion historical vedic religion ancient greek religion hellenistic philosophy roman imperial cult early christianity and decline of greco roman polytheism roman cast terracotta of ram horned jupiter ammon a form of zeus 1st century ad gods were sometimes borrowed between civilisations and adapted to local conditions the rise of civilisation corresponded with the institutional sponsorship of belief in gods supernatural forces and the afterlife 214 during the bronze age many civilisations adopted their own form of polytheism usually polytheistic gods manifested human personalities strengths and failings early religion was often based on location with cities or entire countries selecting a deity that would grant them preferences and advantages over their competitors worship involved the construction of representation of deities and the granting of sacrifices sacrifices could be material goods food or in extreme cases human sacrifice to please a deity 215 new philosophies and religions arose in both east and west particularly about the 6th century bc over time a great variety of religions developed around the world with some of the earliest major ones being hinduism around 2000 bc buddhism 5th century bc and jainism 6th century bc in india and zoroastrianism in persia the abrahamic religions trace their origin to judaism around 1700 bc 216 in the east three schools of thought were to dominate chinese thinking until the modern day these were taoism legalism and confucianism the confucian tradition which would attain dominance looked for political morality not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition 151 confucianism would later spread into the korean peninsula 217 and japan 218 in the west the greek philosophical tradition represented by socrates plato and aristotle was diffused throughout europe and the middle east in the 4th century bc by the conquests of alexander the great 219 after the bronze and iron age religions formed christianity spread through the roman world 216 science and technology edit main article ancient technology further information history of science in early cultures and history of mathematics ancient technology egyptian technology indian technology chinese technology greek technology roman technology iranian technology african technology ancient technological progress began before the recording of history with tools use of fire 220 domestication of animals and agriculture all predating recorded history 221 the use of metals and the ability to make metal alloys was foundational for later technologies to develop 222 medical knowledge including the use of herbs to treat illnesses and wounds as well as some surgical techniques advanced during antiquity 223 an early very important development that allowed for further advancement was writing which allowed humans to record information for later use 224 the characteristics of ancient egyptian technology are indicated by a set of artifacts and customs that lasted for thousands of years the egyptians invented and used many basic machines such as the ramp and the lever to aid construction processes the egyptians also played an important role in developing mediterranean maritime technology including ships 225 the babylonians and egyptians were early astronomers who recorded their observations of the night sky 226 water managing qanats which likely emerged on the iranian plateau and possibly also in the arabian peninsula sometime in the early 1st millennium bc spread from there slowly west and eastward 227 the hindu arabic numeral system with the concept of zero was developed in india 228 while modern forms of paper were invented in china in the first century ad 229 see also edit outline of ancient history references edit notes edit see note on mauryan empire citations edit stearns peter n 2017 periodization in world history challenges and opportunities in r charles weller ed 21st century narratives of world history global and multidisciplinary perspectives palgrave isbn 978 3 319 62077 0 the development of the three age system rundetaarn retrieved 6 july 2026 data archived 10 december 2019 at the wayback machine from history database of the global environment archived 27 february 2018 at the wayback machine k klein goldewijk a beusen and p janssen hyde 3 1 long term dynamic modeling of global population and built up area in a spatially explicit way from table on p 2 netherlands environmental assessment agency mnp bilthoven the netherlands parker 2017 p 16 hart davis 2012 p 18 hart davis 2012 p 17 wiesner hanks 2015 p 19 1 2 wiesner hanks 2015 p 26 1 2 hart davis 2012 p 19 parker 2017 pp 36 37 1 2 wiesner hanks 2015 pp 45 46 parker 2017 p 44 wiesner hanks 2015 pp 48 49 wiesner hanks 2015 p 54 parker 2017 p 45 1 2 3 4 wiesner hanks 2015 pp 55 56 1 2 hart davis 2012 p 38 roberts westad 2013 pp 59 60 1 2 3 parker 2017 pp 60 61 diamond 1999 p 218 1 2 3 hart davis 2012 p 58 hart davis 2012 pp 60 61 hart davis 2012 p 63 1 2 hart davis 2012 pp 54 55 bar yosef ofer october 2011 climatic fluctuations and early farming in west and east asia current anthropology 52 s4 s175 s193 doi 10 1086 659784 issn 0011 3204 parker 2017 pp 54 55 1 2 wiesner hanks 2015 p 74 parker 2017 pp 55 56 wiesner hanks 2015 p 73 roberts westad 2013 p 65 parker 2017 p 54 hart davis 2012 p 54 emberling 2015 pp 256 257 wiesner hanks 2015 p 79 80 1 2 roberts westad 2013 p 63 1 2 bentley ziegler 2006 p 38 1 2 roberts westad 2013 p 110 1 2 bentley ziegler 2006 p 36 bertram 2003 p 143 bertram 2003 p 10 hart davis 2012 p 80 hart davis 201...