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article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa the andalusian spanish dialects spanish andaluz pronounced andaˈluθ locally andaˈluh ændæˈlʊ are spoken in andalusia ceuta melilla and gibraltar they include perhaps the most distinct of the southern variants of peninsular spanish differing in many respects from northern varieties in a number of phonological morphological and lexical features many of these are innovations which spreading from andalusia failed to reach the higher strata of toledo and madrid speech and become part of the peninsular norm of standard spanish 4 andalusian spanish has historically been stigmatized at a national level though this appears to have changed in recent decades and there is evidence that the speech of seville or the norma sevillana enjoys high prestige within western andalusia 5 6 due to the large population of andalusia andalusian dialects are among the most widely spoken dialects in spain within the iberian peninsula other southern varieties of spanish share some core elements of andalusian mainly in terms of phonetics notably extremaduran spanish and murcian spanish as well as to a lesser degree manchegan spanish es due to massive emigration from andalusia to the spanish colonies in the americas and elsewhere all latin american spanish dialects share some fundamental characteristics with western andalusian spanish such as the use of ustedes instead of vosotros for the second person informal plural seseo and a lack of leísmo much of latin american spanish shares some other andalusian characteristics too such as yeísmo weakening of syllable final s pronunciation of historical x or the j sound as a glottal fricative and merging syllable final r and l 7 canarian spanish is also strongly similar to western andalusian spanish due to its settlement history 8 phonology edit consonant phonemes 9 10 labial dental alveolar palatal velar nasal m n ɲ stop p b t d tʃ ʝ k ɡ continuant f θ s x lateral l ʎ flap ɾ trill r sibilants edit areas of andalusia in which seseo green ceceo red or the distinction of c z and s white predominate most spanish dialects in spain differentiate at least in pre vocalic position between the sounds represented in traditional spelling by z and c before e and i pronounced θ and that of s pronounced s however in many areas of andalusia the two phonemes are not distinguished and s is used for both which is known as seseo seˈseo in other areas the sound manifests as s̟ a sound close but not identical to θ which is known as ceceo θeˈθeo unless a specific dialect is transcribed transcriptions in this article follow the standard pattern found in the syllable onset so that the orthographic z and the soft c are transcribed with θ whereas the orthographic s is transcribed with s additionally in most regions of andalusia which distinguish s and θ the distinction involves a laminal s as opposed to the apico alveolar s̠ of most of spain the pronunciation of these sounds in andalusia differs geographically socially and among individual speakers and there has also been some shift in favor of the standard distinción as testament to the prevalence of intra speaker variation dalbor 1980 found that many andalusians alternate between a variety of sibilants with little discernible pattern 11 additionally the idea that areas of rural andalusia at one time exclusively used ceceo has been challenged and many speakers described as ceceante or ceceo using have in fact alternated between use of s̟ and s with little pattern 12 while ceceo is stigmatized and usually associated with rural areas it is worth noting that it was historically found in some large cities such as huelva and cádiz 13 although not in the more prestigious cities of seville and córdoba 14 above all in eastern andalusia but also in locations in western andalusia such as huelva jerez and seville there is a shift towards distinción higher rates of distinción are associated with education youth urban areas and monitored speech the strong influence of media and school may be driving this shift 5 15 penny 2000 provides a map showing the different ways of pronouncing these sounds in different parts of andalusia the map s information almost entirely corresponds to the results from the linguistic atlas of the iberian peninsula realized in the early 1930s in andalusia and also described in navarro tomás espinosa rodríguez castellano 1933 these sources generally highlight the most common pronunciation in colloquial speech in a given locality seseo and ceceo in european spanish according to penny 2000 the distinction between a laminal s and θ is native to most of almería eastern granada most of jaén and northern huelva while the distinction between an apical s and θ as found in the rest of peninsular spanish is native to the very northeastern regions of almería granada and jaén to northern córdoba not including the provincial capital and to a small region of northern huelva 16 also according to penny 2000 and navarro tomás espinosa rodríguez castellano 1933 seseo predominates in much of northwestern huelva the city of seville as well as northern seville province most of southern córdoba including the capital and parts of jaén far western granada very northern málaga and the city of almería likewise ceceo is found in southern huelva most of seville including an area surrounding but not including the capital all of cádiz including the capital 17 14 most of málaga western granada and parts of southern almería 16 outside andalusia seseo also existed in parts of western badajoz including the capital as of 1933 though it was in decline in many places and associated with the lower class 18 seseo was likewise found in 1933 in a southern coastal area of murcia around the city of cartagena and in parts of southern alicante such as torrevieja near the linguistic border with valencian ceceo was also found in the murcian villages of perín and torre pacheco also near the coast 19 other general features edit areas with yeísmo ll pronounced as ʝ in european spanish andalusian spanish phonology includes a large number of other distinctive features compared to other dialects many of these are innovations especially lenitions and mergers and some of andalusian spanish s most distinct lenitions and mergers occur in the syllable coda most broadly these characteristics include yeísmo the pronunciation of the j sound like the english h velarization of word and phrase final n to ŋ elision of d between vowels and a number of reductions in the syllable coda which includes occasionally merging the consonants l and r and leniting or even eliding most syllable final consonants a number of these features so characteristic of spain s south may have ultimately originated in astur leonese speaking areas of north western spain where they can still be found 20 the leniting of syllable final consonants is quite frequent in middle class speech and some level of lenition is sociolinguistically unmarked within andalusia forming part of the local standard that said andalusian speakers do tend to reduce the rate of syllable final lenition in formal speech 5 21 yeísmo or the merging of ʎ into ʝ is general in most of andalusia and may likely be able to trace its origin to astur leonese settlers 20 that said pockets of a distinction remain in rural parts of huelva seville and cadiz this merger has since spread to most of latin american spanish canarian spanish and in recent decades to most of urban peninsular spanish 22 pronunciation of j in european spanish x is usually aspirated or pronounced h except in some eastern andalusian sub varieties i e jaén granada almería provinces where the dorsal x is retained this aspirated pronunciation is also heard in most of extremadura and parts of cantabria word final n often becomes a velar nasal ŋ including when before another word starting in a vowel as in meðãˈŋasko for me dan asco they disgust me this features is shared with many other varieties of spanish including much of latin america and the canary islands as well as much of northwestern spain the likely origin of this velarization 20 this syllable final nasal can even be deleted leaving behind just a nasal vowel at the end of a word 21 23 intervocalic d is elided in most instances for example pesao for pesado heavy a menúo for a menudo often this is especially common in the past participle e g he acabado becomes he acabao i have finished for the ado suffix this feature is common to all peninsular variants of spanish while in other positions it is widespread throughout most of the southern half of spain also as occurs in most of the spanish speaking world final d is usually dropped 24 this widespread elision of intervocalic d throughout the vocabulary is also shared with several asturian and cantabrian dialects pointing to a possible asturian origin for this feature 20 one conservative feature of andalusian spanish is the way some people retain an h sound in words which had such a sound in medieval spanish which originally comes from latin f i e latin fartvs stuffed full harto ˈharto standard spanish ˈarto fed up this also occurs in the speech of extremadura and some other western regions and it was carried to latin america by andalusian settlers where it also enjoys low status nowadays this characteristic is limited to rural areas in western andalusia and the flamenco culture this pronunciation represents resistance to the dropping of h that occurred in early modern spanish this h sound is merged with the x phoneme which derives from medieval ʃ and ʒ 25 this feature may be connected to northwestern settlers during the reconquista who came from areas such as eastern asturias where f had as in old castile become h 20 tʃ undergoes deaffrication to ʃ in western andalusia including cities like seville and cádiz e g escucha ehˈkuʃa s he listens coda obstruents and liquids edit a list of andalusian lenitions and mergers in the syllable coda that affect obstruent and liquid consonants includes aspiration of s at the syllable coda syllable final s x and θ where ceceo or distinción occur are usually aspirated pronounced h or deleted the simple aspiration of final s as h occurs in the speech of all social classes within andalusia and is the most widespread form of s lenition outside andalusia s aspiration is general in all of the southern half of spain and now becoming common in the northern half too 26 word final s can also be pronounced as h or elided entirely before a following word that starts with a vowel sound like laˈhola h for las olas the waves 21 this can also occur at morpheme boundaries within a word as in nosotros being pronounced noˈhotɾo h pronunciation of z at the end of a word in european spanish 26 in eastern andalusian dialects as well as in murcian spanish the preceding vowel becomes lax when before an underlying elided obstruent this results in a fronting to æ while the other vowels are lowered 27 thus in these varieties one distinguishes casa ˈkasa house and casas ˈkæsæ houses by vowel quality whereas northern spanish speakers would have central vowels in both words and a terminal alveolar s in casas 28 there is disagreement as to whether or not i u are affected by this process although most evidence shows they are lowered to a moderate degree 29 the quality of word final lax a typically transcribed æ differs according to a number of geographic and social factors it may be lower than a typical word final a or it may instead simply be fronted in some towns in the mid 20th century at least it overlapped with the quality of or even merged with ɛ the lax allophone of e 30 as a result these varieties have five vowel phonemes each with a tense allophone roughly the same as the normal realization in northern spanish ä e̞ i o̞ u hereafter transcribed without diacritics and a lax allophone æ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ in addition to this a process of vowel harmony may take place where tense vowels that precede a lax vowel may become lax themselves e g trébol ˈtɾeβol clover club vs tréboles ˈtɾɛβɔlɛ clovers clubs 27 clarification needed traditionally these varieties were considered to have eight distinct vowel phonemes a e i o u as well as the lax æ ɛ ɔ the aforementioned allophones of a e o 31 more recently it has been postulated that eastern andalusian could have ten five tense five lax or even up to fourteen phonemes a as aθ ar e e s θ r i i s θ r o os oθ or u u s θ r 31 indeed at least in a o depending on whether it is coda position s θ or r that is lost a different vowel that arises which along with other factors gemination for example plays a significant role in distinguishing minimal pairs liquids r l can be aspirated as well also liquids and obstruents b d ɡ p t k f s x θ often assimilate to the following consonant producing gemination 32 e g perla ˈpehla ˈpelːa pearl carne ˈkahne ˈkãnːe meat adquirí ahkiˈɾi akːiˈɾi i acquired mismo ˈmihmo ˈmĩmːo same desde ˈdɛhðe ˈdɛðːe from rasgos ˈrahɣɔh ˈræxːɔ traits in andalusian spanish a voiced obstruent may assimilate the voicelessness of a preceding s while that same s may assimilate the place of articulation of the following consonant as a result both merge as a single voiceless consonant thus s is often assimilated to ɸ before b sb hβ hɸ ɸː as in desbaratar effaratar ɛhɸaɾaˈta ɛɸːaɾaˈta to ruin to disrupt to θ before d as in lo θeˈβaneh los desvanes the attics and to x beore g as in rasgo raxːo feature 33 this kind of devoicing is less widespread geographically and socially than simple assimilation 26 final s may also become ɹ where ceceo or distinción occur before θ sθ ɹθ 34 as in ascensor pronunciation of r at the end of a word in european spanish aɹθẽnˈso lift mainly in western andalusia s aspiration can result in post aspiration of following voiceless stops 5 35 as in resto pronounced ˈretʰo 5 as a likely related change st may be pronounced as an affricate ts this change is recent being led by young women and is present at least in seville and antequera 36 intervocalic p t k are usually voiced especially in male speech and can even become approximants this means much of the phonetic distinction between intervocalic p t k and sp st sk is in fact maintained by differences in voicing and post aspiration 37 elision of l at the end of a word in european spanish l may be pronounced as r in syllable final position as in ˈarma instead of ˈalma for alma soul or er instead of el for el the the opposite may also happen i e r becomes l e g sartén salˈtẽ frying pan as briefly mentioned above aspirated and assimilated realizations ˈkahne ˈkanːe for carne are also common neutralization of final ɾ and l never occurs before a vowel even at word boundaries el otro is always el ˈotɾo these consonants may also be dropped in utterance final position merging syllable final ɾ and l is associated with rural ...