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brooch 6th century buhui dover kent brooch c 600 þd bli bkk upper thames valley gold coins four items 620s benu tigoii benu tidi willoughby on the wolds nottinghamshire copper bowl c 600 a cleatham south humbershire copper bowl c 600 edih sandwich richborough kent stone 650 or earlier ahabu i perhaps ræhæbul stag whitby i yorkshire jet spindle whorl ueu selsey west sussex gold plates 6th to 8th centuries brnrn anmu st cuthbert s coffin durham dated to 698 whitby ii yorkshire bone comb 7th century dæ us mæus godaluwalu dohelipæ cy i e deus meus god aluwaldo helpæ cy my god almighty god help cy cynewulf or a similar personal name compare also names of god in old english poetry the franks casket 8th century zoomorphic silver gilt knife mount discovered in the river thames near westminster bridge late 8th century 16 11 p182 the ruthwell cross 8th century the inscription may be partly a modern reconstruction the brandon antler piece wohs wildum deoræ an this grew on a wild animal 9th century 17 kingmoor ring the seax of beagnoth 9th century also known as the thames scramasax the only complete alphabet near fakenham plaque 8th 11th century lead plaque interpreted as bearing a healing inscription 18 related manuscript texts edit codex sangallensis 270 lists runes with their names and explains how to use certain rune ciphers codex sangallensis 878 contains a presentation of anglo saxon runes codex vindobonensis 795 contains a description of anglo saxon runes cotton domitian a ix lists runes with their names cotton otho b x 165 contained the old english rune poem before being destroyed in a fire cotton vitellius a xii lists runes in alphabetical order ms oxford st john s college 17 contains a table of runic cryptographic and exotic alphabets see also edit elder futhark list of runestones ogham old english latin alphabet runic alphabet younger futhark notes edit ancient writing discovered at tintagel castle archived from the original on 29 november 2020 retrieved 21 november 2020 birkett tom 2015 unlocking runes reading anglo saxon runic abbreviations in their immediate literary context futhark international journal of runic studies 5 91 114 retrieved 7 april 2025 page raymond ian 1989 roman and runic on st cuthbert s coffin in bonner gerald rollason david stancliffe clare eds st cuthbert his cult and his community to ad 1200 woodbridge boydell brewer pp 257 63 isbn 978 0 85115 610 1 archived from the original on 15 april 2021 retrieved 29 october 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 page raymond ian 1999 an introduction to english runes 2nd ed woodbridge boydell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 barnes michael 2012 runes a handbook woodbridge boydell pp 38 41 osborn marijane 2010 tiw as mars in the old english rune poem anq a quarterly journal of short articles notes and reviews 16 taylor francis 3 13 doi 10 1080 08957690309598179 osborn marijane longland stella 1980 a celtic intruder in the old english rune poem neuphilologische mitteilungen 81 4 modern language society 385 387 issn 0028 3754 jstor 43343355 archived from the original on 26 july 2021 retrieved 26 july 2021 page raymond ian 1998 runes and runic inscriptions collected essays on anglo saxon and viking runes boydell pp 38 53 hines john 2011 new light on literacy in eighth century east anglia a runic inscription from baconsthorpe norfolk anglia zeitschrift für englische philologie 129 3 4 288 289 waxenberger gaby 2017 a new runic character on the sedgeford runic handle ladle sound value wanted anglia zeitschrift für englische philologie 135 4 627 640 doi 10 1515 ang 2017 0065 1 2 3 4 5 page raymond ian 1999 an introduction to english runes 2nd ed woodbridge boydell isbn 9780851159461 kilpatrick kelly 2013 latin runes and pseudo ogham the enigma of the hackness stone pp 1 13 birkett thomas 2012 notes and queries volume 59 issue 4 boydell pp 465 470 looijenga tineke 1 january 2003 texts and contexts of the oldest runic inscriptions brill isbn 978 9004123960 archived from the original on 15 april 2021 retrieved 29 october 2020 via google be flickr photograms yahoo 20 may 2008 archived from the original on 13 october 2016 retrieved 22 july 2016 silver knife mount with runic inscription british museum archived from the original on 18 october 2015 retrieved 22 july 2016 bammesberger alfred 2002 the brandon antler runic inscription neophilologus 86 ingenta connect 129 31 doi 10 1023 a 1012922118629 s2cid 160241063 hines john 2019 practical runic literacy in the late anglo saxon period inscriptions on lead sheet anglo saxon micro texts anglia book series vol 67 pp 29 59 doi 10 1515 9783110630961 003 isbn 978 3 11 063096 1 s2cid 165389048 references edit bammesberger a ed 1991 old english runes and their continental background anglistische forschungen 217 heidelberg 2006 das futhark und seine weiterentwicklung in der anglo friesischen überlieferung in bammesberger a waxenberger eds das fuþark und seine einzelsprachlichen weiterentwicklungen walter de gruyter pp 171 87 isbn 978 3 11 019008 3 hines j 1990 the runic inscriptions of early anglo saxon england in bammesberger a ed britain 400 600 language and history heidelberg c winter pp 437 56 kilpatrick k 2013 latin runes and pseudo ogham the enigma of the hackness stone pp 1 13 j h looijenga runes around the north sea and on the continent ad 150 700 dissertation groningen university 1997 odenstedt bengt on the origin and early history of the runic script uppsala 1990 isbn 91 85352 20 9 chapter 20 the position of continental and anglo frisian runic forms in the history of the older futhark page raymond ian 1999 an introduction to english runes woodbridge boydell press isbn 978 0 85115 768 9 middleton tum andrew julia 2006 radiography of cultural material elsevier isbn 978 0 7506 6347 2 robinson orrin w 1992 old english and its closest relatives a survey of the earliest germanic languages stanford university press isbn 978 0 8047 1454 9 frisian runes and neighbouring traditions amsterdamer beiträge zur älteren germanistik 45 1996 h marquardt die runeninschriften der britischen inseln bibliographie der runeninschriften nach fundorten bd i abhandlungen der akademie der wissenschaften in göttingen phil hist klasse dritte folge nr 48 göttingen 1961 pp 10 16 further reading edit looijenga tineke september 2003 texts contexts of the oldest runic inscriptions northern world 4 brill isbn 978 9004123960 external links edit frisia coast trail 2023 scratching runes was not much different from spraying tags anglo saxon runic texts at georgetown univ early runic inscriptions in england portable antiquities scheme has information on runic artefacts from england presenter the ruthwell cross 3d rendering of the ruthwell cross the byrhtferth s manuscript v t e anglo saxon paganism and mythology gods and divine figures ēse beowa ēostre frige gefjon hretha ing saxnot þunor tiw wade wayland the smith wōden heroic figures ægil angul beowa eormenric finn hengist and horsa sceafa waldere other beings cofgod dragon dwarf dweorh elf ides eoten thurs mare neck wælcyrge wight locations middangeard sources anglo saxon chronicle æcerbot anglo saxon rune poem beowulf de temporum ratione deor ealuscerwen finnesburg fragment franks casket historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum nine herbs charm old english language spong hill sutton hoo burial widsith wið færstice society and culture bēot blōtan burial early germanic calendars folkmoot frith germanic paganism hearg horses law maypole metrical charms moot hill runes rings scop symbel thegn thing thyle weregild wicce wetlands and islands wilweorthunga wyrd yule modern pagan revival heathenry seax wica category v t e germanic peoples ethnolinguistic group of northern european origin primarily identified as speakers of germanic languages history nordic bronze age germania pre roman iron age roman iron age romano germanic culture germanic iron age viking age early culture architecture art calendar clothing family festivals folklore proto germanic folklore anglo saxon mythology continental germanic mythology norse mythology funerary practices anglo saxon norse law anglo saxon norse literature anglo saxon norse names gothic numbers paganism anglo saxon gothic norse rings scripts gothic alphabet runes sippe symbology warfare anglo saxon gothic and vandal viking languages proto germanic language east germanic languages north germanic languages west germanic languages groups alemanni brisgavi bucinobantes lentienses raetovari adrabaecampi angles anglo saxons ambrones ampsivarii angrivarii armalausi auiones avarpi baemi baiuvarii banochaemae bastarnae batavi belgae germani cisrhenani atuatuci caeroesi condrusi eburones paemani segni morini nervii bateinoi betasii brondings bructeri burgundians buri cananefates caritni casuari chaedini chaemae chamavi chali charudes chasuarii chattuarii chatti chauci cherusci cimbri cobandi corconti cugerni danes dauciones dulgubnii favonae firaesi fosi franks ripuarian franks salian franks frisiavones frisii gambrivii geats gepids goths crimean goths greuthungi gutones ostrogoths thervingi thracian goths visigoths gutes harii hermunduri heruli hilleviones ingaevones irminones istvaeones jutes juthungi lacringi lemovii lombards heaðobards lugii diduni helisii helveconae manimi nahanarvali marcomanni marsacii marsi mattiaci nemetes njars nuithones osi quadi reudigni rugii rugini saxons semnones sicambri sciri sitones suarines suebi sunici swedes taifals tencteri teutons thelir thuringi toxandri treveri triboci tubantes tulingi tungri ubii usipetes vagoth vandals hasdingi silingi vangiones varisci victohali vidivarii vinoviloth warini christianization gothic christianity christianization of the franks christianisation of anglo saxon england east anglia christianization of scandinavia christianization of iceland category v t e runes runology list of rune row inscriptions list of runologists rundata germanic elder futhark 24 type fuþark ca ad to 9th c normalized variations 25 type pn ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ y ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚻ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛦ ᛊ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ ᛡ f u y þ ð a ã r k g ƿ v h n i j ï é p z ʀ s t b e ɛ m l ŋ d ð o å ö ᴀ anglo frisian futhorc 28 type fuþorc ca 5th c to 9th c normalized variations ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱ ᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛄ ᛡ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ ᚪ ᚫ ᚣ ᛠ f u o þ ð o å ö r c k ɧ ɕ ȝ g ŋ k ƿ v h n i j ï é ēo p x s t b e ɛ m l ŋ d œ oe ōe a æ y ea æa later anglo saxon futhorc 32 type fuþorc ca 8th c to 12th c normalized variations ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚩ ᚱ ᚳ ᚷ ᚹ ᚻ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛄ ᛡ ᛇ ᛈ ᛉ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛝ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ ᚪ ᚫ ᚣ ᛡ ᛠ ᛢ ᛣ ᚸ ᛥ ᛤ f u o þ ð o å ö r c k ɧ ɕ ȝ g ŋ k ƿ v h n i j ï é ēo p x s t b e ɛ m l ŋ d œ oe ōe a æ y īa īo ea æa q k ḡ st k̄ c̄ ck kk norse younger futhark 16 type fuþąrk ca 8th c to 11th c long branch ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬ ᚱ ᚴ ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛅ ᛋ ᛏ ᛒ ᛘ ᛚ ᛦ short twig ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚭ ᚱ ᚴ ᚽ ᚿ ᛁ ᛆ ᛌ ᛐ ᛓ ᛙ ᛚ ᛧ f u y ö o v w þ ð ą o å ǫ r k g ŋ h n i j e a ä s z t d b p m l ʀ later younger futhark stung fuþork ca 11th c to 13th c regular ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚬ ᚱ ᚴ ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛅ ᛋ ᛐ ᛒ ᛘ ᛚ ᛦ f u o w þ o å ǫ r k h n i j a ä s z t b m l y ʀ stung ᚡ ᚤ ᚧ ᚵ ᛀ ᛂ ᛑ ᛔ ᛛ v y ö ð g ŋ ɴ e ä d p ʟ medieval runes medieval fuþork ca 13th c to 18th c 1st types ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚮ ᚱ ᚴ ᚼ ᚿ ᛁ ᛆ ᛋ ᛐ ᛒ ᛘ ᛚ ᛦ f u w þ o r k q h x n i j a s t b m l y 2nd types ᚡ ᚤ ᚧ ᚰ ᚵ ᚾ ᛂ ᛅ ᛍ ᛑ ᛔ ᛛ ᛨ v y v ð ǫ å g n e ä c z d p ʟ y 3rd types ᚯ ᚶ ᛀ ᛎ ᛕ ö ŋ ɴ z c ᴘ 4th types ᛪ x alphabetical amalgamation ᛆ ᛒ ᛍ ᛎ ᛋ ᛑ ᚧ ᛂ ᚠ ᚵ ᚶ ᚼ ᛁ ᛁ ᚴ ᛚ ᛛ ᛘ ᚿ ᚾ ᛀ ᚮ ᚭ ᚰ ᛔ ᛕ ᛒ ᛕ ᚴ ᛩ ᚦ ᚱ ᛦ ᛦ ꞧ ᛋ ᛍ ᛐ ᛏ ᚦ ᚢ ᚡ ᚠ ᚢ ᚤ ᚢ ᚴ ᛋ ᛪ ᚼ ᚤ ᛦ ᛨ ᛎ ᛍ ᛋ ᚮ ᚤ ᛅ ᚠ ᚯ ᚯ ᚬ ᚤ ᛦ a b c d ð e f g ŋ h i j k l ʟ m n ɴ o ǫ p ᴘ q r ʀ s t þ u v w x y z å ä ö dalecarlian runes dalecarlian alphabet ca 16th c to 19th c alphabetical incomplete ᛅ ᛒ ᛋ ᚦ ᛆ ᚠ ᚼ ᛁ ᚴ ᛚ ᛘ ᚿ ᛰ 𐋐 ᛩ ᚱ ᛌ ᛐ ᚢ ᛋᛌ ᛠ å ᚯ ᛦ a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s t u x y z å ä ö see also runic inscriptions interactive map runic inscriptions rune poems runestones runic magic modern runic writing pseudo runes staveless runes v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji...