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ng material stones after copulating with a non partner male the researcher stated i was watching opportunistically so i can t give an exact figure of how common it really is 97 it has been reported that bartering of meat for sex forms part of the social fabric of a troop of wild chimps living in the tai national park in the côte d ivoire 98 pavlovian conditioning the sexualisation of objects or locations is recognised in the animal breeding world for example male animals may become sexually aroused upon visiting a location where they have been allowed to have sex before or upon seeing a stimulus previously associated with sexual activity such as an artificial vagina 99 sexual preferences for certain cues can be artificially induced in rats by pairing scents or objects with their early sexual experiences 100 the primary motivation of this behaviour is pavlovian conditioning and the association is due to a conditioned response or association formed with a distinctive reward 100 viewing images a study using four adult male rhesus macaques macaca mulatta showed that male rhesus macaques will give up a highly valued item juice to see images of the faces or perineum of high status females 101 encouraging captive pandas to mate is problematic showing young male pandas panda pornography is credited with a recent population boom among pandas in captivity in china one researcher attributed the success to the sounds on the recordings 102 copulatory wounding and traumatic insemination injury to a partner s genital tract during mating occurs in at least 40 taxa ranging from fruit flies to humans however it often goes unnoticed due to its cryptic nature and because of internal wounds not visible outside 103 non reproductive sexual behaviour edit main article non reproductive sexual behaviour in animals there is a range of behaviours that animals perform that appear to be sexually motivated but which can not result in reproduction these include masturbation some species both male and female masturbate both when partners are available and otherwise 104 105 106 oral sex several species engage in both autofellatio and oral sex this has been documented in brown bears 107 tibetan macaques 108 wolves 109 goats primates bats 110 111 cape ground squirrels 112 and sheep in the greater short nosed fruit bat copulation by males is dorsoventral and the females lick the shaft or the base of the male s penis but not the glans which has already penetrated the vagina while the females do this the penis is not withdrawn and research has shown a positive relationship between length of the time that the penis is licked and the duration of copulation post copulation genital grooming has also been observed 113 homosexuality same sex sexual behaviour occurs in a range of species especially in social species particularly in marine birds and mammals monkeys and the great apes as of 1999 update the scientific literature contained reports of homosexual behaviour in at least 471 wild species 114 organisers of the against nature exhibit stated that homosexuality has been observed among 1 500 species and that in 500 of those it is well documented 115 besides humans sheep are the only known mammal to exhibit exclusive homosexual behavior 116 a male black and white tegu mounts a female that has been dead for two days and attempts to mate 117 genital genital rubbing this is sexual activity in which one animal rubs his or her genitals against the genitals of another animal this is stated to be the bonobo s most typical sexual pattern undocumented in any other primate 118 119 inter species mating some animals opportunistically mate with individuals of another species 120 sex involving juveniles male stoats mustela erminea will sometimes mate with infant females of their species 121 this is a natural part of their reproductive biology they have a delayed gestation period so these females give birth the following year when they are fully grown juvenile male common chimpanzees have been recorded mounting and copulating with immature chimps infants in bonobo societies are often involved in sexual behaviour 122 necrophilia this describes when an animal engages in a sexual act with a dead animal it has been observed in mammals birds reptiles and frogs 123 bisexuality this describes when an animal shows sexual behaviour towards both males and females extended female sexuality this is when females mate with males outside of their conceptive period 124 22 seahorse edit seahorses once considered to be monogamous species with pairs mating for life were described in a 2007 study as promiscuous flighty and more than a little bit gay 125 scientists at 15 aquaria studied 90 seahorses of three species of 3 168 sexual encounters 37 were same sex acts flirting was common up to 25 potential partners a day of both sexes only one species the british spiny seahorse included faithful representatives and for these 5 of 17 were faithful 12 were not bisexual behaviour was widespread and considered both a great surprise and a shock with big bellied seahorses of both sexes not showing partner preference 1 986 contacts were male female 836 were female female and 346 were male male 125 bonobo edit among bonobos males and females engage in sexual behaviour with the same and the opposite sex with females being particularly noted for engaging in sexual behaviour with each other and at up to 75 of sexual activity being non reproductive as being sexually active does not necessarily correlate with their ovulation cycles 118 sexual activity occurs between almost all ages and sexes of bonobo societies 126 127 primatologist frans de waal believes that bonobos use sexual activity to resolve conflict between individuals 28 128 immature bonobos contrariwise perform genital contact when relaxed 127 macaque similar same sex sexual behaviours occur in both male and female macaques 129 it is thought to be done for pleasure as an erect male mounts and thrusts upon or into another male 129 130 sexual receptivity can also be indicated by red faces and shrieking 129 mutual ejaculation after a combination of anal intercourse and masturbation has also been witnessed although it may be rare 130 in comparison to socio sexual behaviours such as dominance displays homosexual mounts last longer happen in series and usually involve pelvic thrusting 129 females are also thought to participate for pleasure as vulvar perineal and anal stimulation is part of these interactions the stimulation can come from their own tails mounting their partner thrusting or a combination of these 131 dolphin edit male bottlenose dolphins have been observed working in pairs to follow or restrict the movement of a female for weeks at a time waiting for her to become sexually receptive the same pairs have also been observed engaging in intense sexual play with each other janet mann a professor of biology and psychology at georgetown university argues 132 that the common same sex behaviour among male dolphin calves is about bond formation and benefits the species evolutionarily studies have shown the dolphins later in life are bisexual and the male bonds forged from homosexuality work for protection as well as locating females with which to reproduce 132 in 1991 an english man was prosecuted for allegedly having sexual contact with a dolphin 133 the man was found not guilty after it was revealed at trial that the dolphin was known to tow bathers through the water by hooking his penis around them 133 hyena edit the female spotted hyena has a unique urinary genital system closely resembling the penis of the male called a pseudo penis dominance relationships with strong sexual elements are routinely observed between related females they are notable for using visible sexual arousal as a sign of submission but not dominance in males as well as females females have a sizeable erectile clitoris 134 it is speculated that to facilitate this their sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems may be partially reversed in respect to their reproductive organs 135 mating behaviour edit see also mating call vertebrates edit mammals edit further information mammalian reproduction and social monogamy in mammalian species mammals mate by vaginal copulation to achieve this the male usually mounts the female from behind 136 the female may exhibit lordosis in which she arches her back ventrally to facilitate entry of the penis which is particularly present in elephants felids and rodents amongst the land mammals other than humans only bonobos mate in a face to face position 137 better source needed as the females anatomy seems to reflect 118 although ventro ventral copulation has also been observed in rhabdomys 138 some sea mammals copulate in a belly to belly position 139 140 some camelids mate in a lying down position 141 in most mammals ejaculation occurs after multiple intromissions 142 but in most primates copulation consists of one brief intromission 143 in most ruminant species a single pelvic thrust occurs during copulation 144 145 in most deer species a copulatory jump also occurs 146 147 during mating a copulatory tie occurs in mammals such as fossas 148 canids with the exception of african wild dogs 149 and japanese martens 150 a copulatory lock also occurs in some primate species such as galago senegalensis 151 the copulatory behaviour of many mammalian species is affected by sperm competition 152 some females have concealed fertility making it difficult for males to evaluate if a female is fertile humans are amongst these species this is costly as ejaculation expends much energy 22 invertebrates edit see also mating of gastropods courting garden snails the one on the left has fired a love dart into the one on the right a male star coral releases sperm into the water invertebrates are often hermaphrodites some hermaphroditic land snails begin mating with an elaborate tactile courting ritual the two snails circle around each other for up to six hours touching with their tentacles and biting lips and the area of the genital pore which shows some preliminary signs of the eversion of the penis as the snails approach mating hydraulic pressure builds up in the blood sinus surrounding an organ housing a sharpened dart the dart is made of calcium carbonate or chitin and is called a love dart each snail manoeuvres to get its genital pore in the best position close to the other snail s body then when the body of one snail touches the other snail s genital pore it triggers the firing of the love dart 153 after the snails have fired their darts they copulate and exchange sperm as a separate part of the mating progression the love darts are covered with a mucus that contains a hormone like substance that facilitates the survival of the sperm 154 155 penis fencing is a mating behaviour engaged in by certain species of flatworm such as pseudobiceros bedfordi species which engage in the practice are hermaphroditic possessing both eggs and sperm producing testes 156 the species fence using two headed dagger like penises which are pointed and white in colour one organism inseminates the other the sperm is absorbed through pores in the skin causing fertilisation corals can be both gonochoristic unisexual and hermaphroditic each of which can reproduce sexually and asexually reproduction also allows corals to settle new areas corals predominantly reproduce sexually 25 of hermatypic corals stony corals form single sex gonochoristic colonies while the rest are hermaphroditic 157 about 75 of all hermatypic corals broadcast spawn by releasing gametes eggs and sperm into the water to spread offspring the gametes fuse during fertilisation to form a microscopic larva called a planula typically pink and elliptical in shape 158 synchronous spawning is very typical on the coral reef and often even when multiple species are present all corals spawn on the same night this synchrony is essential so that male and female gametes can meet corals must rely on environmental cues varying from species to species to determine the proper time to release gametes into the water the cues involve lunar changes sunset time and possibly chemical signalling 157 synchronous spawning may form hybrids and is perhaps involved in coral speciation 159 butterflies spend much time searching for mates when the male spots a mate he will fly closer and release pheromones he then performs a special courtship dance to attract the female if the female appreciates the dancing she may join him then they join their bodies together end to end at their abdomens here the male passes the sperm to the female s egg laying tube which will soon be fertilised by the sperm 160 many animals make plugs of mucus to seal the female s orifice after mating normally such plugs are secreted by the male to block subsequent partners in spiders the female can assist the process 161 spider sex is unusual in that males transfer their sperm to the female on small limbs called pedipalps they use these to pick their sperm up from their genitals and insert it into the female s sexual orifice rather than copulating directly 161 on the 14 occasions a sexual plug was made the female produced it without assistance from the male on ten of these occasions the male s pedipalps then seemed to get stuck while he was transferring the sperm which is rarely the case in other species of spider and he had great difficulty freeing himself in two of those ten instances he was eaten as a result 161 in the orb weaving spider species zygiella x notata individuals engage in a variety of sexual behaviors including male choosiness mate guarding and vibrational signaling in courtship 162 163 genetic evidence of interspecies sexual activity in humans edit main article humanzee research into human evolution confirms that in some cases interspecies sexual activity may have been responsible for the evolution of new species speciation analysis of animal genes found evidence that after humans had diverged from other apes interspecies mating nonetheless occurred regularly enough to change certain genes in the new gene pool 164 researchers found that the x chromosomes of humans and chimps may have diverged around 1 2 million years after the other chromosomes one possible explanation is that modern humans emerged from a hybrid of human and chimp populations 165 a 2012 study questioned this explanation concluding that there is no strong reason to involve complicated factors in explaining the autosomal data 166 dubious discuss inbreeding avoidance edit main article inbreeding avoidance when close relatives mate progeny may exhibit the detrimental effects of inbreeding depression inbreeding depression is predominantly caused by the homozygous expression of recessive deleterious alleles 167 over time inbreeding depression may lead to the evolution of inbreeding avoidance behaviour several examples of animal behaviour that reduce mating of close relatives and inbreeding depr...