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us ecstasies 7 when the king of westphalia jérôme bonaparte suppressed the convent in 1812 all the nuns were forced to leave she sought and found refuge in the house of a widow 7 imposition of the stigmata edit part of a series on christian mysticism theology and philosophy apophatic ascetical cataphatic catholic spirituality hellenistic mystical theology neoplatonic henosis practices monasticism asceticism mendicant stylite eastern new silence spiritual direction meditation meditation lectio divina invoking of mystic saints active asceticism contemplation hesychasm jesus prayer quietism stages of christian perfection hesychia divinization catharsis theosis kenosis spiritual dryness religious ecstasy passive asceticism abstinence esoteric charismatic martinism people by era or century antiquity ancient african origen thomasines gregory of nyssa pseudo dionysius desert fathers paul of thebes anthony the great arsenius the great poemen macarius of egypt moses the black syncletica athanasius john chrysostom hilarion john cassian 11th 12th bernard of clairvaux guigo ii hildegard of bingen symeon the new theologian sava i of serbia 13th 14th dominican dominic de guzmán franciscan francis of assisi anthony of padua bonaventure jacopone da todi angela of foligno english richard rolle walter hilton julian of norwich margery kempe flemish beatrice of nazareth lutgardis hadewijch john van ruysbroeck german meister eckhart johannes tauler henry suso female beatrice of nazareth bridget of sweden catherine of siena gertrude the great mechthild of magdeburg marguerite porete 15th 16th spanish ignatius of loyola francisco de osuna john of ávila teresa of ávila john of the cross others catherine of genoa 17th 18th french margaret mary alacoque pierre de bérulle jean jacques olier louis de montfort charles de condren john eudes john of st samson others mary of jesus of ágreda paul of the cross anne catherine emmerich veronica giuliani francis de sales 19th dina bélanger catherine labouré mélanie calvat maximin giraud bernadette soubirous conchita de armida luisa piccarreta mary of the divine heart thérèse of lisieux gemma galgani 20th padre pio therese neumann marthe robin alexandrina of balazar faustina kowalska sister lúcia of fátima edgar cayce simone weil alfred delp thomas merton charles de foucauld edvige carboni elena aiello edith stein contemporary papal views aspects of meditation orationis formas 1989 reflection on the new age 2003 literature and media lingua ignota ordo virtutum scivias ascent of mount carmel dark night of the soul spiritual canticle way of perfection book of the first monks the interior castle abbey of the holy ghost a dialogue of comfort against tribulation from willow creek to sacred heart the glories of mary the imitation of christ the ladder of divine ascent philokalia revelations of divine love the story of a soul theologia germanica devotio moderna fatima in lucia s own words calls from the message of fatima the miracle of our lady of fatima sol de fátima the cloud of unknowing on the consolation of philosophy the mirror of simple souls sister catherine treatise tractatus de purgatorio sancti patricii the vision of adamnán divine comedy inferno purgatorio paradiso fatima v t e in early 1813 marks of the stigmata were reported on emmerich s body the parish priest called in two doctors to examine her when word of the phenomenon spread three months later he notified the vicar general with the news causing considerable talk in the town the ecclesiastical authorities conducted a lengthy investigation many doctors wished to examine the case and although efforts were made to discourage the curious there were also visitors whose rank or status gained them entry 8 during this time the poet and romanticist clemens brentano first visited emmerich at the end of 1818 the periodic bleeding of emmerich s hands and feet had stopped and the wounds had closed while many in the community viewed the stigmata as real others claimed that emmerich was an impostor and that she conspired with others to perpetrate her fraud in august 1819 the civil authorities intervened and moved emmerich to a different house where she was kept under observation for three weeks the members of the commission could find no evidence of fraud yet her stigmata continued the commission members thus became divided in their opinions 8 the cross on her breastbone had the unusual shape of a y similar to a cross in the local church of coesfeld the english priest herbert thurston surmised that the subjective impressions of the stigmatic exercise a preponderating influence upon the manifestations which appear exteriorly 8 and suggested that this phenomena is described in the works of the augustinian catholic priest john of ruusbroec however this supposition is purely conjectural purported apparitions edit a nuclear image of the blessed trinity following the descriptions of emmerich the lines define different spectrums of light unknown to color as a young child emmerich claimed to have visions in which she talked with jesus and saw the souls in purgatory she further described the essence of the holy trinity in the form of three concentric interpenetrating full spheres the largest but dimmest of the spheres represented the father core the medium sphere the son core and the smallest and brightest sphere the holy spirit core each sphere of omnipresent god is extended toward infinity beyond god s core placed in heaven brentano s writings also suggest that during an illness in emmerich s childhood she was visited by the child jesus who told her of plants she should ingest in order to heal including morning glory flower juice which is known to contain ergine a number of figures who were influential in the renewal movement of the church early in the 19th century came to visit emmerich among them clemens august von droste zu vischering the future archbishop of cologne johann michael sailer the bishop of ratisbon since 1803 the sole surviving elector spiritual of the holy roman empire bernhard overberg and authors luise hensel and friedrich stolberg 1 the former vicar general of the archdiocese clemens von droste stated that emmerich a special friend of god in a letter he wrote to stolberg 1 according to clemens maria brentano edit the reconstruction of emmerich s room with the original furniture at the holy cross church in dülmen germany at the time of emmerich s second examination in 1819 brentano visited her he claimed that she told him he was sent to help her fulfill god s command to express in writing the revelations she had received brentano became one of emmerich s many supporters believing her to be a chosen bride of christ professor andrew weeks claims that brentano s own personal complexes were a factor in substituting emmerich as a maternal figure in his own life 3 from 1819 until emmerich s death in 1824 brentano filled many notebooks with accounts of her visions including scenes from the new testament and the life of the virgin mary because emmerich only spoke the westphalian dialect brentano could not transcribe her words directly and often could not even take notes in her presence 9 so he would quickly write notes in standard german when he returned to his own apartment based on what he remembered of the conversations he had with emmerich 9 brentano edited the notes later years after the death of emmerich 9 about ten years after emmerich had recounted her visions brentano completed editing his records for publication 9 in 1833 he published his first volume the dolorous passion of our lord jesus christ according to the meditations of anne catherine emmerich brentano then prepared the life of the blessed virgin mary from the visions of anna catherine emmerich for publication but he died in 1842 the book was published posthumously in 1852 in munich catholic priest karl schmoger edited brentano s manuscripts and from 1858 to 1860 he published the three volumes of the life of our lord in 1881 a large illustrated edition was published schmoger also penned a biography of anne catherine emmerich in two volumes from 1867 to 1870 it has since been republished in english language editions the vatican does not endorse the authenticity of the books written by brentano 10 11 however it has declared the general message of these books as an outstanding proclamation of the gospel in service to salvation 12 other critics have been less sympathetic characterizing his books as the conscious elaborations of an overwrought romantic poet 3 some argue that these writings indicate racist beliefs and contain a clear antisemitic strain throughout 13 for example noah s son ham is portrayed as the progenitor of the black idolatrous stupid nations of the world also in the dolorous passion it is implied that jews strangled christian children and used their blood for all sorts of suspicious and diabolical practices 14 claims of forgery edit the tomb of anne catherine at the church of the most holy cross in dülmen germany when the case for emmerich s beatification was submitted to the vatican in 1892 a number of experts in germany began to compare and analyze brentano s original notes from his personal library with the books he had written 4 the analysis revealed various apocryphal biblical sources maps and travel guides among his papers these could have been used to exaggerate or embellish some of emmerich s narrations 4 in 1923 the german catholic priest winfried hümpfner who had compared brentano s original notes to the published books wrote in his theological thesis that brentano had fabricated much of the material he had attributed to emmerich 5 15 by 1928 the experts had come to the conclusion that only a small portion of brentano s books could be safely attributed to emmerich 4 5 at the time of emmerich s beatification in 2004 the vatican s position on the authenticity of the brentano books was elucidated by priest peter gumpel who was involved in the study of the issues for the congregation for the causes of the saints it is absolutely not certain that she ever wrote this there is a serious problem of authenticity 5 10 11 according to gumpel the writings attributed to emmerich were absolutely discarded by the vatican as part of her beatification process 4 jose saraiva martins who at the time of the beatification of emmerich was the prefect of the congregation for the causes of saints declared the writings attributed to her the artistic fantasy of brentano and stated that they played no role in her beatification 6 death and burial edit emmerich began to grow weaker during the summer of 1823 she died on 9 february 1824 in dülmen and was buried in the graveyard outside the town with a large number of people attending her funeral 1 her grave was reopened twice in the weeks following the funeral due to a false rumor that her body had been desecrated and stolen but the coffin and the body were found to be intact 1 7 in february 1975 emmerich s mortal remains were permanently moved to the church of the holy cross in dülmen due to the cult of piety established after her death most especially amongst traditionalist catholics slips of paper with thanksgiving or personal intentions are collected at her tombstone and burned annually on easter sunday the house of the virgin mary edit house of the virgin mary now a chapel in ephesus turkey neither brentano nor emmerich had ever been to ephesus and indeed the city had not yet been excavated but visions contained in the life of the blessed virgin mary were used during the discovery of the house of the virgin mary the blessed virgin s supposed home before her assumption located on a hill near ephesus as described in the book mary s house 16 emmerich described mary s house 17 the blessed virgin s dwelling was not in ephesus itself but from three to four hours distant it stood on a height upon which several christians from judea among them some of the holy women related to her had taken up their abode between this height and ephesus glided with many a crooked curve a little river the height sloped obliquely toward ephesus in 1881 a french catholic priest julien gouyet used emmerich s book to search for the house in ephesus and found it based on the descriptions he was not taken seriously at first but sister marie de mandat grancey persisted until two other priests followed the same path and confirmed the finding 18 19 pontifical approbations edit pope leo xiii visited the shrine in 1896 pope pius x granted a plenary indulgence to the pilgrimage to the shrine in 1914 and sent his blessing to the valiant searchers for the tomb of the most blessed virgin pope pius xii initially declared the house a holy place 1951 as former apostolic nuncio to turkey cardinal angelo roncalli visited the shrine 1935 and later as pope john xxiii made the pian declaration permanent a pope paul vi 1967 pope john paul ii 1979 and pope benedict xvi 2006 visited the house and current shrine 20 beatification edit an artistic depiction of emmerich from 1895 pope john paul ii on 3 october 2004 declared the following her example opened the hearts of poor and rich alike of simple and cultured persons whom she instructed in loving dedication to jesus christ homily sunday 3 october 2004 21 the process of emmerich s beatification was started in 1892 by the bishop of münster and her cause was officially opened by the vatican on 12 june 1899 22 the process of evaluating the spiritual writings began on 22 april 1901 22 in 1928 however the vatican suspended the process when it was suspected that clemens brentano had fabricated some of the material that appeared in the books he wrote and which he had attributed to emmerich 23 in 1973 the congregation for the causes of the saints allowed the case for her beatification to be re opened provided it only focused on the issue of her life without any reference to the possibly doctored material produced by clemens brentano 23 in july 2003 the congregation for the causes of the saints promulgated a decree for a miracle attributed to her and that paved the way for her beatification 23 24 on 3 october 2004 anne catherine emmerich was beatified by pope john paul ii 25 however the books produced by brentano were set aside and her cause adjudicated solely on the basis of her own personal sanctity and virtue 5 peter gumpel who was involved in the analysis of the matter at the vatican told catholic news service since it was impossible to distinguish what derives from sister emmerich and what is embroidery or additions we could not take these writings as a criterion in the decision on beatification therefore they were simply discarded completely from all the work for the cause 10 11 in film edit in 2003 hollywood actor and director mel gibson used brentano s book the dolorous passion as a key source for his 2004 film the passion of the christ 9 26 27 gibson stated that scripture and accepted visions were the only sources he drew on and a car...