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although the full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries they include less precipitation in the southern hemisphere but more in the northern hemisphere an eventual decline of fisheries in the southern ocean and a potential collapse of certain marine ecosystems 32 while many antarctic species remain undiscovered there are documented increases in antarctic flora 33 and large fauna such as penguins are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat on ice free land permafrost thaws release greenhouse gases and formerly frozen pollution 34 antarctic warming and associated changes in southern ocean circulation can also influence climate patterns in parts of africa affecting regional rainfall and temperature variability 35 36 the west antarctic ice sheet is likely to melt completely 37 38 unless temperatures are reduced by 2 c 3 6 f below 2020 levels 39 the loss of that ice sheet would take between 500 and 13 000 years 40 41 a sea level rise of 3 3 m 10 ft 10 in would occur if the ice sheet collapses which would leave ice caps on the mountains and a rise of 4 3 m 14 ft 1 in would occur if those ice caps also melt 42 the far more stable east antarctic ice sheet may cause a sea level rise of only 0 5 m 1 ft 8 in to 0 9 m 2 ft 11 in from the current level of warming a small fraction of the 53 3 m 175 ft contained in the full ice sheet 43 with global warming being around 3 c 5 4 f vulnerable areas like wilkes basin and aurora basin may collapse over around 2 000 years 40 41 potentially adding up to 6 4 m 21 ft 0 in to sea levels 44 society edit a map of the antarctic voyages of anthony de la roché and others in the southern ocean people edit the first recorded sighting of antarctica is credited to the spaniard gabriel de castilla who reported seeing distant southern snow capped mountains in 1603 the first antarctic land discovered was the island of south georgia visited by the english merchant anthony de la roché in 1675 45 although such myths and speculation about a terra australis southern land date back to antiquity the first confirmed sighting of the continent of antarctica is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the russian expedition of fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen and mikhail lazarev on vostok and mirny the australian james kerguelen robinson 1859 1914 was the first human born in the antarctic on board the sealing ship offley in the gulf of morbihan royal sound then kerguelen island on 11 march 1859 46 47 the first human born and raised on an antarctic island was solveig gunbjørg jacobsen born on 8 october 1913 in grytviken south georgia 48 ushuaia in argentina is the most active gateway to antarctica emilio marcos palma born 7 january 1978 is an argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of antarctica at the esperanza base 49 his father captain jorge palma was head of the argentine army detachment at the base while ten people have been born in antarctica since palma s birthplace remains the southernmost in late 1977 silvia morella de palma who was then seven months pregnant was airlifted to esperanza base in order to complete her pregnancy in the base the airlift was a part of the argentine solutions to the sovereignty dispute over territory in antarctica emilio was automatically granted argentine citizenship by the government since his parents were both argentine citizens and he was born in the claimed argentine antarctica palma can be considered to be the first native antarctican the amundsen scott south pole station the geographic south pole with its signpost in the background the antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries however the region is visited by more than 40 000 50 tourists annually the most popular destinations being the antarctic peninsula area especially the south shetland islands and south georgia island in december 2009 the growth of tourism with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness was noted at a conference in new zealand by experts from signatories to the antarctic treaty the definitive results of the conference were presented at the antarctic treaty states meeting in uruguay in may 2010 51 time zones edit main article time in antarctica because antarctica surrounds the south pole it is theoretically located in all time zones for practical purposes time zones are usually based on territorial claims or the time zone of a station s owner country or supply base 52 list of offshore islands edit a norwegian cruise ship at petermann island with kyiv peninsula of graham land in the background north of 60 s latitude edit south georgia museum grytviken bouvet island norway heard island and mcdonald islands australia heard island mcdonald islands kerguelen islands france south georgia and the south sandwich islands united kingdom south georgia islands shag rocks south georgia south sandwich islands south of 60 s latitude edit balleny islands antarctic treaty system peter i island antarctic treaty system scott island antarctic treaty system south orkney islands antarctic treaty system south shetland islands antarctic treaty system see also edit anthony de la roché antarctic circle antarctic ice sheet history of antarctica notes edit the word was originally pronounced without the first k sound but the spelling pronunciation has become common and is often considered more correct the pronunciation without the first k and the first t is however widespread and a typical phenomenon of english in many other similar words too 1 the c was added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced but as with other spelling pronunciations at first only by less educated people 2 3 references edit the american 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