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story edit black legend edit main article black legend spain early instances of hispanophobia arose as the influence of the spanish empire and the spanish inquisition spread throughout europe during the late middle ages hispanophobia then materialized in folklore that is sometimes referred to as the black legend the legend first arose amid the religious strife and imperial rivalries of 16th century europe northern europeans who loathed catholic spain and envied its american empire published books and gory engravings which depicted spanish colonization as uniquely barbarous an orgy of greed slaughter and papist depravity the inquisition writ large 1 la leyenda negra as spanish historians first named it entailed a view of spaniards as unusually cruel avaricious treacherous fanatical superstitious hot blooded corrupt decadent indolent and authoritarian during the european colonization of the americas t he black legend informed anglo americans judgments about the political economic religious and social forces that had shaped the spanish provinces from florida to california as well as throughout the hemisphere 2 these judgments were handed down from europeans who saw the spaniards as inferior to other european cultures 3 in north america hispanophobia thus preceded the united states declaration of independence by almost 200 years historians theorize that north european nations promoted hispanophobia in order to justify attacks on spain s colonies in the americas new englanders engaged in hispanophobic efforts to assimilate spanish colonies i n north america a deep current of hispanophobia pervades anglo saxon culture as early as the late seventeenth century we find puritan divines like cotton mather and samuel sewell studying spanish with a view to winning converts to their version of protestantism sewell spoke of bombing sic santo domingo havana puerto rico and mexico itself with the spanish bible and cotton mather even wrote a book on protestant doctrine in spanish published in boston in 1699 intended for as he might say the darker regions of spanish america 4 better source needed nazi germany edit main article nazi racial theories for the nazis the psychology of the spaniards deemed incompatible with the ideal nazi germans particularly regarding their catholicism 5 also ottavio de peppo noted that spaniards religious sentiments were useful to weaken germany s position because of that contempt of the nazis to the spanish psychology 6 hitler himself said that all of spain is contained in don quixote a decrepit society unaware the world has passed it by because spain was a stagnant nation dominated by three elements that nazis detested the church the aristocracy and the monarchy since franco had promised a royal restoration hitler praised the arab occupation of iberia as cultivated while referring to the spaniards themselves as lazy and of moorish blood he also slandered the catholic queen isabel calling her the greatest whore in history 7 8 the german writer wilhelm pferdekamp published many hispanophobic articles including one titled afrika beginnt hinter den pyrenäen africa begins behind the pyrenees 9 in europe edit england edit further information spain united kingdom relations anti spanish sentiment in england is rooted in the historical rivalry and resulting mutual antipathy between british and spanish empires anglo spanish relations were not significantly hostile until the age of discovery and the rise of european colonialism in the 16th century in which both countries interests came into conflict due to the european colonization of the americas spain was the first european power to secure control over vast areas of the new world and an outright antagonism soon developed with england as the latter pursued its own colonial enterprises in the americas once economic benefits became apparent the english reformation encountered resistance from catholics within the broader counter reformation movement spain s status as a catholic power as well as its opposition to the protestantism led to anti spanish and anti catholic sentiments in england to go hand in hand for centuries to come conflicting religions and imperial ambitions along other factors contributed in prompting both countries to seek leadership of opposing sides during major geopolitical conflicts in europe and the americas which led to multiple anglo spanish wars until the 19th century citation needed despite a warming in relations from the 20th century onwards issues such disputes over the status of gibraltar still cause tensions between the two countries a 2013 poll revealed that regardless of the dispute over gibraltar 17 9 of british respondents rated the relations between uk and the spain as bad with 1 9 rating them as very bad 10 catalonia the basque country and galicia edit during the 20th century individuals with nationalist views emerged who used ethnic or racial nationalism to distinguish themselves from spain one of the earliest examples was sabino arana regarded as the father of basque nationalism who on several occasions made racist remarks about spaniards in issue 27 of the newspaper bizkaitarra arana expressed his disdain for non basque spaniards whom he disparagingly referred to as maketos writing more than men they resemble apes scarcely less beastly than the gorilla do not look for in their faces the expression of human intelligence or any virtue their gaze reveals only idiocy and brutality 11 12 he also wrote our people s contact with the spanish immediately and inevitably leads to ignorance and a loss of intellect weakness and corruption of the heart among our race 13 14 in the case of catalan nationalism there was an ethnocentric component that sought to connect catalan nationalism with purportedly scientific foundations the aim was to distinguish european and aryan catalans from african or semitic spaniards 15 pompeu gener a catalan publicist and playwright with social darwinist ideas wrote in his work heregías 1887 there is too much semitic and berber blood scattered across the peninsula for modern science to become widespread among most of its peoples spain is paralyzed by the necrosis caused by the blood of inferior races such as the semitic berber and mongoloid 16 bartomeu robert a catalan politician and physician gave a lecture in 1899 entitled the catalan race in which he compared the cranial capacity of catalans with that of people from other parts of spain the lecture caused controversy elsewhere in spain 17 today there is a statue of him in barcelona s plaça de tetuan the galician intellectual alfonso daniel rodríguez castelao in his work sempre en galiza 1944 wrote about an alleged aryan racial purity of galicians in contrast to a mixed race and semitic spain there exists in galicia a homogeneity of character so deeply rooted in its native centuries old identity and so contrary to the castilian spirit that we often fall into unpleasant temptations such as proclaiming that we are aryans and the others semites 18 19 during and after the francoist period catalan racism was directed particularly toward andalusians many of whom immigrated to catalonia and came to be known as charnegos andalusians were stereotyped as poor or uneducated in contrast to an educated and industrious catalonia 20 former catalan president jordi pujol described the andalusian man in la immigració problema català 1976 as anarchic living in a state of cultural mental and spiritual ignorance and misery adding that if they had sufficient numerical strength they would destroy catalonia with their anarchic and impoverished mentality in 1997 when pujol was serving as president of the generalitat he said in an interview with cadena ser that his statements about andalusians had been a grave mistake 21 22 23 24 francesc homs spokesman for the former government of artur mas stated here in catalonia there were people in the 19th century who decided to undertake the industrial revolution while in other parts of spain they were herding goats and did not even consider it we can either look to andalusia or we can look to the germans 25 26 catalan public broadcaster tv3 has been described as expressing anti spanish sentiment through humour or banal nationalism such as the joke puta espanya fuck spain which has become typical among some sectors of catalan nationalism 27 28 29 americas edit depiction of simón bolívar signing the decree of war to the death against spaniards in 1813 in the 19th century the justification of the spanish american wars of independence relied on blaming spain and its legacy for all of the ills of the new world with the remaining insignificant peninsular and canarian population in the new republics being subsequently harassed extorted and eventually expelled 30 various independence leaders had studied in europe coming into contact with enlightment ideals that made them favour aspects of french republicanism and british parliamentarism ranging from incompatible to directly hostile towards spain s monarchy which they saw as oppressive backwards and corrupt mexico edit according to historian marco antonio landavazo anti spanish sentiment in mexico is underpinned by basic ideas that are synthesized in the interpretation of the conquest as genocide the identification of an intrinsically perverse character in the spaniards and therefore the need for the extermination and expulsion of the gachupín 31 this sentiment already extant in the 17th century gained notoriety in the wake of the mexican war of independence 1810 1821 32 and was articulated from then on as one of the tenets of the mexican national building urgently pushed by elements of the political class of the young country with the result of the hardening of the borders of its political community 33 thus already towards the heights of 1810 an independence hero like the priest miguel hidalgo decried the spaniards as denaturalized men moved by sordid greed and whose only god was money 34 throughout the 1820s spaniards were quantitatively insignificant estimated by harold sims at 6500 people out of a population of about 6 5 million but many of them despite a certain heterogeneous social extraction shown in recent research held an important influence in the economic military and political elites of the first mexican republic 35 anti spanish sentiment gained momentum in the mexican public sphere towards by the late 1820s with decrees in 1827 and 1829 calling for the expulsion of all peninsulares residing in mexico 36 in the context of a growth of mexican nationalism the preponderance of spanish landowners and merchants in guerrero led mulatto militias to murder several spanish merchants in 1827 and 1828 37 anti spanish sentiment was one of the causes behind the sacking of the parián market in mexico city in 1828 38 anti spanish sentiment motivated twelve state expulsion laws published in 1827 three federal laws of december 1827 march 1829 and january 1833 and two decrees in january 1833 and 1834 35 two years later the definitive treaty of peace and friendship between mexico and spain was signed 39 this process resulted in the effective expulsion of almost half of the spanish population from mexico 35 the murder of spaniards sometimes amidst cries of death to whites to spaniards or to gachupines lingered during the 1840s and 1850s in the countryside of the states of guerrero morelos and yucatán spurred by the tension between spanish hacienda owners and the impoverished indigenous peasantry even though the behavior of the former did not differ substantially from that of the criollo hacienda owners 40 although lesser in terms of casualties than xenophobic outbursts of anti american and sinophobic sign anti spanish sentiment manifested itself during the mexican revolution of 1910 with slightly more than 200 spaniards killed 41 united states edit anti spanish propaganda depicting a dehumanized personification of spain the spanish brute in satirical magazine judge july 1898 upon independence american anglo protestant elites inherited a suspicion against spain owing to their british colonial past however relations between the us and spain were cordial and spain was initially well regarded due to its support during the american revolutionary war in the 1890s anti spanish propaganda was disseminated by outlets published by the likes of joseph pulitzer and william randolph hearst aiming to set the mood of the public opinion in favour of war against spain 42 see also edit áfrica empieza en los pirineos anti catalan sentiment references edit horwitz tony 9 july 2006 immigration and the curse of the black legend new york times p wk13 retrieved 6 august 2019 weber david j february 1992 the spanish legacy in north america and the historical imagination the western historical quarterly 23 1 utah state university 5 24 doi 10 2307 970249 jstor 970249 archived from the original on 2 june 2008 retrieved 15 november 2018 alt url amago samuel 2005 why spaniards make good bad guys sergi lópez and the persistence of the black legend in contemporary european cinema film criticism 30 1 allegheny college 41 63 jstor 24777304 falcoff mark 1 january 2000 beyond bilingualism american enterprise institute archived from the original on 11 july 2007 retrieved 6 august 2019 the ambassador in salamanca viola to ciano minister of foreign affairs 3 july 1938 document 280 m d a esteri i documenti diplomatici italiani ottava serie 1935 1939 rome 2001 vol ix 376 8 the head of the cabinet de peppo to the minister of foreign affairs ciano 3 july 1938 document 281 ibid vol ix 378 on the austrian situation r v luza the resistance in austria 1938 1945 minneapolis 1984 66 72 hitler s table talk 1941 1944 his private conversations hugh trevor roper la opinión de hitler sobre los españoles moros y vagos que adoran a una reina ramera abc in spanish 2018 07 16 retrieved 2023 04 30 oliver gliech ein institut und sein general wilhelm faupel und das 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en la prensa de barcelo...