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nt log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 prelude 2 protests toggle protests subsection 2 1 vojvodina october 1988 2 2 ušće rally november 1988 2 3 montenegro january 1989 2 4 reduction of kosovar autonomy march 1989 2 5 gazimestan rally june 1989 2 6 failed ljubljana rally december 1989 3 aftermath 4 see also 5 references 6 sources toggle the table of contents anti bureaucratic revolution 19 languages العربية bosanski čeština deutsch español suomi français hrvatski magyar italiano 한국어 македонски nederlands português русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски shqip српски srpski українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia campaign of protests in yugoslavia 1988 1989 this article is part of a series about slobodan milošević early life public image cultural depictions president of serbia and yugoslavia league of communists of serbia presidency of sr serbia 8th session anti bureaucratic revolution gazimestan speech 1990 constitution 1991 protests karađorđevo meeting 1991 1992 anti war protests croatian war bosnian war 1992 constitution sanctions insurgency in kosovo dayton agreement international trips education agreement 1996 97 protests kosovo war nato bombing overthrow trial death bosnian genocide case elections 1990 1992 1996 2000 family mirjana marković wife marko milošević son marko milošević grandson borislav milošević brother v t e the anti bureaucratic revolution serbian антибирократска револуција antibirokratska revolucija was a campaign of street protests by supporters of serbian leader slobodan milošević that ran between 1988 and 1989 in yugoslavia the protests overthrew the government of the socialist republic of montenegro as well as the governments of the serbian provinces of vojvodina and kosovo and replaced them with milošević allies thereby creating a dominant voting bloc within the yugoslav presidency council the name anti bureaucratic revolution is derived from the proclaimed goal of replacing bureaucratic and corrupt governing structures the events were condemned by the communist governments of the western yugoslav republics especially slovenia and croatia who successfully resisted the attempts to expand the revolt onto their territories and turned against milošević the rising antagonism eventually resulted in the dissolution of the ruling league of communists of yugoslavia in 1990 prelude edit this article needs attention from an expert in serbia the specific problem is needs cite for description of pre milošević government functioning wikiproject serbia may be able to help recruit an expert january 2016 since the adoption of the 1974 yugoslav constitution serbian central government often encountered political deadlocks with the provincial governments in kosovo and vojvodina 1 in 1976 the serbian government issued its first complaints of unconstitutional practice of autonomy by the provinces to tito and edvard kardelj and issued a subsequent complaint in 1984 on the matter attempting to resolve the problems within the 1974 constitution 2 it was reported that the provinces had repeatedly denied the serbian government the ability to enact policies in their territories such as regulation of citizenship policy common defense law and social plans 3 the situation in kosovo became a crisis in the 1981 protests in kosovo by albanians who were heard shouting slogans such as we are albanians not yugoslavs kosova republic unity with albania and long live marxism leninism down with revisionism 4 the presence of ethnic and ideological dimensions to the protestors demands led yugoslav authorities to decide to forcibly stop the protests the president of the pristina league of communists aslan fazlia an albanian said that the protests were nationalistic and counterrevolutionary and announced tough police action against the demonstrators 4 this action failed to quell the protests that instead grew in response with protests by albanians sweeping across kosovo the president of the league of communists of kosovo mahmut bakalli decided in response to ask the yugoslav people s army jna to bring tanks onto the streets 4 police reinforcements from central serbia were stopped by a roadblock and then albanian demonstrators took hostages from thirty four houses of serbs and montenegrins demanding that these police forces leave kosovo in exchange for the release of the hostages 5 only after additional police forces from priština arrived were the hostages released 5 the protests led to vandalism throughout kosovo including smashed windows of cars shops and state institutions 5 the yugoslav leadership declared a crisis situation in kosovo and all republics were requested to send their police troops to kosovo 5 the yugoslav leadership was shocked by the extent of the violence used by the demonstrators and the relatively large participation in the demonstrations 5 the aftermath of the 1981 protests in kosovo resulted in resentment by serbs in kosovo to the political situation in kosovo 6 serbs suspected that deliberate albanianization of kosovo was demonstrated by statistics showing that the population of serbs in kosovo had significantly decreased from 23 5 in 1961 to 13 2 in 1981 as well as making claims that they were being persecuted by albanians including serb women being systematically raped by albanians 6 many of these claims were not backed up by evidence but built up as rumours 6 milošević took control of the league of communists of yugoslavia s serbian branch in september 1987 when his faction won over its opposition led by ivan stambolić his rise to power coincided with serbo albanian tensions in kosovo as kosovo serbs felt oppressed by albanians and the albanian dominated leadership of the province the tensions were further boosted by inflammatory reports in the serbian media according to the 1974 yugoslav constitution the two autonomous provinces of serbia vojvodina and kosovo were largely independent from the central serbian government with both of them holding a seat in the yugoslav presidency on par with the six constituent republics of yugoslavia in effect their status was almost equivalent to the republics which enabled provincial leaderships of kosovo and vojvodina to lead independent policies in late 1987 and 1988 a populist campaign started in serbia against this situation which it described as untenable provincial leaderships were being accused of bureaucratic inefficiency and alienation from the people popular slogans like oh serbia in three parts you will be whole again oj srbijo iz tri dela ponovo ćeš biti cela 7 caught on the atmosphere was further stirred up by numerous articles and readers letters in serbian press the most notorious being politika s rubric odjeci i reagovanja echoes and reactions a letters to the editor column which was used as a type of astroturfing 8 9 the main points of the campaign were the following 10 serbs in kosovo were being harassed by albanians and suppressed by the albanian dominated kosovo government due to the 1974 constitution serbia had no effective control over its provinces whose leaderships were bureaucratic and estranged from the people this constitution was created by the influence of the other yugoslav republics especially slovenia and croatia in order to suppress serbia s power and create an environment for the exploitation of serbia s natural resources the constitution had in effect created a confederal type of government as no decision could be made without the consensus of all six republics in the federal parliament citation needed and a system with a better consideration of popular majority was called for the slogan one man one vote was one of the most popular therefore a thorough revision of the federal constitution and the enhancement of serbian control over its provinces were necessary protests edit the mass protests started in february 1986 with several meetings of kosovo serbs in belgrade and in kosovo pleading for a resolution of the problematic situation on kosovo these were relatively small with 100 5 000 participants and were mostly reactions to individual inter ethnic incidents the largest such protest was held in kosovo polje in april 1987 gathering around 20 000 people 9 however the outburst of protests began in the latter half of 1988 in june the protest of workers of the zmaj factory gathered 5 000 protestors in july meetings were held in seven towns with tens of thousands protesters and in august in ten towns with 80 000 people by september they spread to 39 towns with over 400 000 people 9 vojvodina october 1988 edit on 5 october 1988 around 150 000 people gathered in novi sad to protest against the vojvodina provincial government the gathering started a day earlier in the nearby town of bačka palanka and as politika explained it people spontaneously gathered and moved on to novi sad the provincial capital 9 the protest in bačka palanka was led by mihalj kertes a mid level official of the communist party an ethnic hungarian who would later become famous for his remark how can you serbs be afraid of serbia when i a hungarian am not afraid of serbia 11 the provincial leadership led by milovan šogorov boško krunić and živan berisavljević were caught by surprise before the event they tried to compromise and negotiate with milošević expressing cautious support for the constitutional changes while trying to keep their and vojvodina s position intact however the avalanche of media campaign orchestrated from belgrade was about to overwhelm them they were labelled as power hungry armchairers фотељаши foteljaši and autonomists аутономаши autonomaši 12 the vojvodina government then cut off power and water supply to protesters a move which enraged them further still and caused even more people from novi sad and its vicinity to join when power was restored they tried a different tactic in order to cheer the demonstrators up they gave them bread and yogurt however thousands of yogurt packages were soon thrown at the parliament building by angry protesters thus the protests are sometimes referred to as the yogurt revolution 13 on 6 october the entire collective leadership of vojvodina resigned and were soon replaced with nedeljko šipovac radovan pankov and radoman božović the vojvodina representative in the central committee of skj boško krunić resigned and was replaced by stanko radmilović while the president of the central committee of the skv milovan šogorov resigned and was replaced by bogosav kovačević ušće rally november 1988 edit the rally in belgrade at ušće the large field at confluence of sava river into danube was held on 19 november 1988 according to the state press it gathered about a million people and according to others several hundred thousands it was conceived as a mother of all rallies and a huge crowd of people come from all parts of serbia by public and factory buses taken just for this opportunity milošević reaffirmed his and serbia s commitment to the principles of liberty and serbian equality within yugoslavia 14 we will win the battle for kosovo regardless of the obstacles placed in front of us in the country and abroad so we will win regardless of the uniting of our enemies from abroad and those in the country and that this nation will win the battle for freedom is a fact well known even to the turkish and german conquerors montenegro january 1989 edit rallies and media were also similarly used in montenegro with the first rally in support of kosovo serbs and kosovo montenegrins taking place in titograd on 20 august 1988 15 the leadership of the montenegrin communist league was on the defense at the time claiming that it was protecting kosovo but their restraint in direct support for milošević was deemed not good enough by the protesters what eventually proved to be the revolution s first act occurred on 7 october 1988 when montenegrin police intervened against protesters in žuta greda demanding resignations from the montenegrin leadership in order to deal with the situation the leadership proclaimed the state of emergency the state of emergency did not last long as it was taken as an act of hostility towards serbia by media outlets controlled by milošević as well as milošević s supporters in montenegro 16 the second act started with joint rallies consisting of workers from radoje dakić a state owned factory and veljko vlahović university students on 10 january 1989 over 10 000 protesters gathered in titograd 9 16 the old leadership confused and disorganised soon gave in none of them later played a significant political role 16 the new younger cadre led by momir bulatović milo đukanović and svetozar marović became the new leadership strongly allied with milošević in the years to come the league of communists of montenegro was subsequently transformed by the triumvirate who had full control over the socialist republic of montenegro into the democratic party of socialists of montenegro which stayed in power until 2020 when it was defeated for the first time in 2020 parliamentary election reduction of kosovar autonomy march 1989 edit azem vllasi and kaqusha jashari the two top ranked kosovo politicians were replaced in november 1988 9 the albanian population of kosovo grew restless and in february 1989 they engaged in a general strike particularly manifesting itself in the 1989 kosovo miners strike meanwhile on february 28 another major rally was held in belgrade where the chants we want weapons and arrest vllasi were heard and three days later vllasi was indeed placed under arrest 9 in early 1989 the assembly of serbia proposed constitutional amendments which would significantly reduce sap kosovo s autonomous status within sr serbia 17 notably the 47th amendment changed the serbian constitution to require that the assembly of serbia only to seek the opinion of the assemblies of the autonomous provinces instead of having to seek their approval for future constitutional amendments 18 other controversial amendments allowed the constitutional court of serbia to intervene in constitutional courts of the autonomous provinces before proceedings had concluded in those courts 18 kosovo albanians organized large demonstrations against these moves 17 but in march 1989 preceding a final push for the ratification of constitutional changes in the assembly of kosovo the yugoslav police rounded up around 240 prominent kosovo albanians apparently selected based on their anti ratification sentiment and detained them with complete disregard for due process 19 albanian representatives in the assembly of kosovo were pressured to vote in fa...
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