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the (549), and (172), abs (170), wheel (100), #system (93), brake (88), #braking (85), from (81), for (71), with (69), this (53), pressure (53), retrieved (50), anti (49), lock (49), that (47), was (41), wheels (40), rear (40), control (38), motorcycle (35), all (34), systems (33), speed (33), are (32), 2013 (30), edit (30), sensor (30), front (28), brakes (27), motorcycles (27), valve (27), archived (26), original (26), electronic (24), car (22), four (22), safety (21), cbs (21), can (21), honda (21), also (20), has (20), which (19), more (19), one (19), vehicle (18), com (18), vehicles (18), will (18), sensors (18), used (17), valves (16), cars (15), new (15), introduced (15), first (15), controller (15), use (14), hydraulic (14), bmw (14), such (14), pump (14), skid (13), equipped (13), since (13), applied (13), both (13), 2010 (12), stability (12), other (12), 2014 (12), road (12), surfaces (12), channel (12), some (12), when (12), than (12), may (11), two (11), these (11), been 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is attached to a drum that runs at the same speed as the wheel in normal braking the drum and flywheel should spin at the same speed however when a wheel slows down then the drum would do the same leaving the flywheel spinning at a faster rate this causes the valve to open allowing a small amount of brake fluid to bypass the master cylinder into a local reservoir lowering the pressure on the cylinder and releasing the brakes the use of the drum and flywheel meant the valve only opened when the wheel was turning in testing a 30 improvement in braking performance was noted because the pilots immediately applied full brakes instead of slowly increasing pressure in order to find the skid point an additional benefit was the elimination of burned or burst tires 6 the first proper recognition of the abs system came later with the german engineer karl wässel whose system for modulating braking power was officially patented in 1928 wässel however never developed a working product and neither did robert bosch who produced a similar patent eight years later 5 a similar braking system called decelostat that used direct current generators to measure wheel slippage was used in railroads in the 1930s 7 by 1951 flywheel based decelostat was used in aircraft to provide anti skid in landings the device was on trials first in the united states and later by the british 8 in 1954 popular science revealed that there was preliminary testing of the decelostat system to prevent car swirling on a heavy brake by the us car manufacturers in detroit however there was no public information of the test results 9 by the early 1950s the dunlop maxaret anti skid system was in widespread aviation use in the uk with aircraft such as the avro vulcan and handley page victor vickers viscount vickers valiant english electric lightning de havilland comet 2c de havilland sea vixen and later aircraft such as the vickers vc10 hawker siddeley trident hawker siddeley 125 hawker siddeley hs 748 and derived british aerospace atp and bac one eleven and the dutch fokker f27 friendship which unusually had a dunlop high pressure 200 bar pneumatic system in lieu of hydraulics for braking nose wheel steering and landing gear retraction being fitted with maxaret as standard 10 maxaret while reducing braking distances by up to 30 in icy or wet conditions also increased tire life and had the additional advantage of allowing take offs and landings in conditions that would preclude flying at all in non maxaret equipped aircraft in 1958 a royal enfield super meteor motorcycle was used by the road research laboratory to test the maxaret anti lock brake 11 the experiments demonstrated that anti lock brakes can be of great value to motorcycles for which skidding is involved in a high proportion of accidents stopping distances were reduced in most of the tests compared with locked wheel braking particularly on slippery surfaces in which the improvement could be as much as 30 enfield s technical director at the time tony wilson jones saw little future in the system however and it was not put into production by the company 11 a fully mechanical system saw limited automobile use in the 1960s in the ferguson p99 racing car the jensen ff and the experimental all wheel drive ford zodiac but saw no further use the system proved expensive and unreliable the first fully electronic anti lock braking system was developed in the late 1960s for the concorde aircraft the modern abs system was invented in 1971 by mario palazzetti known as mister abs in the fiat research center and has become standard in almost every car the system was called antiskid and the patent was sold to bosch who named it abs 12 modern systems edit a car with a sticker in the rear conveying about having abs and ebd features chrysler together with the bendix corporation introduced a computerized three channel four sensor all wheel 13 abs called sure brake for its 1971 imperial 14 it was available for several years thereafter functioned as intended and proved reliable in 1969 ford introduced an anti lock braking system called sure track to the rear wheels of the lincoln continental mark iii and ford thunderbird as an option 15 it became standard in 1971 16 the sure track braking system was designed with help from kelsey hayes in 1971 general motors introduced the trackmaster rear wheel only 17 abs as an option on their rear wheel drive cadillac models 18 19 and called the option the true track braking system on the oldsmobile toronado 20 in 1972 the option was made available in all cadillacs in 1971 nissan offered an eal electro anti lock system developed by japanese company denso as an option on the nissan president which became japan s first electronic abs 21 1971 the imperial 22 became the first production car with a 4 wheel computer operated anti lock braking system toyota introduced electronically controlled anti skid brakes on toyota crown labeled as esc electronic skid control 23 1971 first truck application antislittamento system developed by fiat veicoli industriali and installed on fiat truck model 691n1 24 1972 four wheel drive triumph 2500 estates were fitted with mullard electronic systems as standard citation needed such cars were rare however and very few remain 1976 wabco began the development of the anti locking braking system on commercial vehicles to prevent locking on slippery roads followed in 1986 by the electronic braking system ebs for heavy duty vehicles 25 1978 mercedes benz w116 as one of the firsts used an electronic four wheel multi channel anti lock braking system abs from bosch as an option from 1978 on 1982 honda introduced electronically controlled multi channel alb anti locking brakes as an option for the second generation of prelude launched worldwide in 1982 additional info the general agent for honda in norway required all preludes for the norwegian market to have the alb system as a standard feature making honda prelude be the first car delivered in europe with abs as a standard feature the norwegian general agent also included a sunroof and other options to be standard equipment in norway adding more luxury to the honda brand however the norwegian tax system made the well equipped car very expensive and the sales suffered from high costs from 1984 the alb system as well as the other optional features from honda was no longer a standard feature in norway in 1985 the ford scorpio was introduced to the european market with a teves electronic system throughout the range as standard for this the model was awarded the coveted european car of the year award in 1986 with very favorable praise from motoring journalists after this success ford began research into anti lock systems for the rest of their range which encouraged other manufacturers to follow suit since 1984 abs has been standard equipment on all mercedes benz automobiles 26 lincoln followed suit in 1993 27 in 1988 bmw introduced the first motorcycle with an electro hydraulic abs the bmw k100 yamaha introduced the fj1200 model with optional abs in 1991 honda followed suit in 1992 with the launch of its first motorcycle abs on the st1100 pan european in 2007 suzuki launched its gsf1200sa bandit with an abs in 2005 harley davidson began offering an abs option on police bikes operation edit the anti lock brake controller is also known as the cab controller anti lock brake 28 typically abs includes a central electronic control unit ecu four wheel speed sensors and at least two hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics the ecu constantly monitors the rotational speed of each wheel if it detects the wheel rotating significantly slower than the speed of the vehicle a condition indicative of impending wheel lock it actuates the valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel thus reducing the braking force on that wheel the wheel then turns faster conversely if the ecu detects a wheel turning significantly faster than the others brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel is increased so the braking force is reapplied slowing down the wheel this process is repeated continuously and can be detected by the driver via brake pedal pulsation some anti lock systems can apply or release braking pressure 15 times per second 29 30 because of this the wheels of cars equipped with abs are practically impossible to lock even during panic braking in extreme conditions the ecu is programmed to disregard differences in wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold because when the car is turning the two wheels towards the center of the curve turn slower than the outer two for this same reason a differential is used in virtually all roadgoing vehicles if a fault develops in any part of the abs a warning light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle instrument panel and the abs will be disabled until the fault is rectified modern abs applies individual brake pressure to all four wheels through a control system of hub mounted sensors and a dedicated micro controller abs is offered or comes standard on most road vehicles and is the foundation for electronic stability control systems which are rapidly increasing in popularity due to the great reduction in the price of vehicle electronics over the years 31 modern electronic stability control esc systems are an evolution of the abs concept here a minimum of two additional sensors are added to help the system work these are a steering wheel angle sensor and a gyroscopic sensor the theory of operation is simple when the gyroscopic sensor detects that the direction taken by the car does not coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports the esc software will brake the necessary individual wheels up to three with the most sophisticated systems so that the vehicle goes the way the driver intends the steering wheel sensor also helps in the operation of cornering brake control cbc since this will tell the abs that wheels on the inside of the curve should brake more than wheels on the outside and by how much abs equipment may also be used to implement a traction control system tcs on the acceleration of the vehicle if when accelerating the tire loses traction the abs controller can detect the situation and take suitable action so that traction is regained more sophisticated versions of this can also control throttle levels and brakes simultaneously the speed sensors of abs are sometimes used in indirect tire pressure monitoring system tpms which can detect under inflation of the tires by the difference in the rotational speed of wheels components edit there are four main components of abs wheel speed sensors valves a pump and a controller abs speed sensors speed sensors encoders a speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel these sensors use a magnet and a hall effect sensor or a variable reluctance sensor and an electromagnetic coil to generate a signal the rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field around the sensor the fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds the slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller valves there is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the abs on some systems the valve has three positions in position one the valve is open pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake in position two the valve blocks the line isolating that brake from the master cylinder this prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder in position three the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake partially disassembled four channel hydraulic control unit containing motor pump and valves the majority of problems with the valve system occur due to clogged valves when a valve is clogged it is unable to open close or change position an inoperable valve will prevent the system from modulating the valves and controlling pressure supplied to the brakes electronic control module pump the pump in the abs is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it a signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip after a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user the pump is used to restore the desired amount of pressure to the braking system the controller will modulate the pump s status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping controller the controller is an ecu type unit in the car which receives information from each individual wheel speed sensor if a wheel loses traction the signal is sent to the controller the controller will then limit the brake force ebd and activate the abs modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off use edit there are many different variations and control algorithms for use in abs one of the simpler systems works as follows 30 the controller monitors the speed sensors at all times it is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary right before a wheel locks up it will experience a rapid deceleration if left unchecked the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could it might take a car two to four seconds to stop from 60 mph 96 6 km h under ideal conditions but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second the abs controller knows that such a rapid deceleration of the car is impossible and in actuality the rapid deceleration means the wheel is about to slip so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again it can do this very quickly before the wheel can actually significantly change speed the result is that the wheel slows down at the same rate as the car with the brakes keeping the wheels very near the point at which they will start to lock up this gives the system maximum braking power this replaces the need to manually pump the brakes while driving on a slippery or a low traction surface allowing to steer even in most emergency braking conditions when the abs is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves this pulsing also tells the driver that the abs has been triggered brake types edit anti lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use they can be differentiated by the number of channels that is how many valves that are individually controlled and the number of speed sensors 30 1 four channel four sensor abs there is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels with this setup the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force 2 three channel fo...