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conservative party the name of cánovas became symbolic of the alternate succession in the restoration regime along with práxedes mateo sagasta s 4 early career edit portrait of cánovas c 1869 born in málaga as the son of antonio cánovas garcía and juana del castillo y estébanez cánovas moved to madrid after the death of his father where he lived with his mother s cousin the writer serafín estébanez calderón although he studied law at the university of madrid he showed an early interest in politics and spanish history his active involvement in politics dates to the 1854 revolution led by general leopoldo o donnell when he drafted the manifesto of manzanares which accompanied the military overthrow of the sitting government laid out the political goals of the movement and played a critical role as it attracted the masses support when the coup seemed to fail during the final years of isabel ii he served in a number of posts including a diplomatic mission to rome governor of cádiz and director general of local administration that period of his political career culminated in his being twice made a government minister first taking the interior portfolio in 1864 and then the overseas territories portfolio in 1865 to 1866 after the 1868 glorious revolution revolución gloriosa he retired from the government but he was a strong supporter of the restoration of the bourbon monarchy during the first spanish republic 1873 1874 and as the leader of the conservative minority in the cortes he declaimed against universal suffrage and freedom of religion he also drafted the manifesto of sandhurst and prevailed upon alfonso xii to issue it just as he had done years previously with o donnell prime minister edit cánovas returned to active politics with the 1874 overthrow of the republic by general martínez campos and the elevation of isabell ii s son alfonso xii to the throne he served as prime minister primer presidente del consejo de ministros for six years starting in 1874 although he was twice briefly replaced in 1875 and 1879 he was a principal author of the spanish constitution of 1876 which formalised the constitutional monarchy that had resulted from the restoration of alfonso and limited suffrage to reduce the political influence of the working class and assuage the voting support from the wealthy minority becoming the protected status quo cartoon in el motín depicting cánovas and sagasta on a see saw whose fulcrum is an allegory of spain cánovas del castillo played a key role in bringing an end to the last carlist threat to bourbon authority 1876 by merging a group of dissident carlist deputies with his own conservative party specify more significantly his term in office saw the victory achieved by the governmental spanish troops in the third carlist war the occupation of the basque territory and the decree establishing an end to the centuries long basque specific status july 1876 that resulted in its annexation to a centralist spain against a backdrop of martial law imposed across the basque provinces and possibly navarre heated negotiations with liberal basque high ranking officials led to the establishment of the first basque economic agreement 1878 an artificial two party system designed to reconcile the competing militarist catholic and carlist power bases led to an alternating prime ministership known as the turno pacifico with the progressive práxedes mateo sagasta after 1881 he also assumed the functions of the head of state during the regency of maría cristina after alfonso s death in 1885 political crisis edit by the late 1880s cánovas policies were under threat from two sources first his overseas policy was increasingly untenable a policy of repression against cuban nationalists was ultimately ineffective and spain s authority was challenged most seriously by the 1895 rebellion led by josé martí spain s policy against cuban independence brought her increasingly into conflict with the united states an antagonism that culminated in the spanish american war of 1898 second the political repression of spain s working class was growing increasingly troublesome and pressure for expanded suffrage mounted amid widespread discontent with the cacique system of electoral manipulation cánovas policies included mass arrests and a policy of torture during a religious procession in 1896 at barcelona a bomb was thrown immediately three hundred men and women were arrested some were anarchists but the majority were trade unionists and socialists they were thrown into the notorious prison at the fortress of montjuïc in barcelona and tortured after a number had been killed or had gone insane their cases were taken up by the liberal press of europe resulting in the release of a few survivors reputedly it was cánovas del castillo who ordered the torture including the burning of the victims flesh the crushing of their bones and the cutting out of their tongues similar acts of brutality and barbarism had occurred during his regime in cuba and canovas remained deaf to the appeals and protests of civilized conscience 5 his attempts to stabilize spain s parliamentary system achieved a measure of success until world war i in which spain was not spared the disturbances that ravaged much of the european continent according to some views his regime was a welcomed change from spanish liberalism considered by some to deny equal participation to political rivals the restored parliamentary monarchy recognized the principle of allowing rival political opponents within the framework of a constitution yet it would be decades before universal male suffrage and other typical characteristics of modern democratic systems were implemented it was still very much an electoral system dominated by parties of established local elites 6 man of letters edit at the same time cánovas remained an active man of letters his historical writings earned him a considerable reputation particularly his history of the decline of spain historia de la decadencia de españa for which he was elected at the young age of 32 to the real academia de la historia in 1860 that was followed by elevation to other bodies of letters including the real academia española in 1867 the academia de ciencias morales y políticas in 1871 and the real academia de bellas artes de san fernando in 1887 he also served as the head of the athenaeum in madrid 1870 74 1882 84 and 1888 89 assassination edit assassination of antonio cánovas del castillo on 8 august 1897 mondragón main article assassination of antonio cánovas del castillo in 1897 he was shot dead by michele angiolillo an italian anarchist at the spa santa águeda in mondragón guipúzcoa 7 angiolillo invoked vengeance on canovas on behalf of the execution of jose rizal and other barcelona anarchists 8 he thus did not live to see spain s loss of her final colonies to the united states after the spanish american war personal life edit he married maría de la concepción espinosa de los monteros y rodrigo de villamayor on 20 october 1860 he was widowed on 3 september 1863 9 he married joaquina de osma y zavala on 14 november 1887 10 11 no progeny survived him ideology and thought edit cánovas was the chief architect of the restoration regime that strived for bringing stability to the spanish society 12 it has been emphasized that the two figures most influential to his political ideas were edmund burke from whom he derived a brand of traditionalism with a historicist rather than religious matrix and joaquín francisco pacheco 13 cánovas embraced an essentialist metaphysical and providentialist conception of the nation 14 a staunch opponent to universal suffrage he held the view that universal suffrage begets socialism in a natural necessary and inevitable way 15 a supporter of slavery he declared in november 1896 in a press interview blacks in cuba are free they can enter into contracts work or not work and i think that slavery was much better than this freedom which they only took advantage of to do nothing and form masses of unemployed anyone who knows the blacks will tell you that in madagascar the congo as in cuba they are lazy savage prone to misbehavior and that you have to lead them with authority and firmness to get anything out of them these savages have no owner other than their own instincts their primitive appetites 16 in reference to his political and intellectual stature cánovas was nicknamed as el monstruo the monster by his peers 17 legacy edit cánovas s tomb at the pantheon of illustrious men in madrid this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed july 2019 learn how and when to remove this message the policies of repression and political manipulation that cánovas made a cornerstone of his government helped foster the nationalist movements in both catalonia and the basque provinces and set the stage for labour unrest during the first two decades of the 20th century the disastrous colonial policy not only led to the loss of spain s remaining colonial possessions in the pacific and caribbean but also seriously weakened the government at home a failed postwar coup by camilo de polavieja set off a long period of political instability which ultimately led to the collapse of the monarchy and the dissolution of the constitution that cánovas had authored his white marble mausoleum was carved by agustí querol subirats at the pantheon of illustrious men in madrid 18 19 arms edit references edit citations as head of state until the reach of alfonso xii karnow stanley 1989 antonio canovas in our image america s empire in the philippines random house isbn 978 0394549750 canovas nunca morirá archived from the original on 2015 09 20 ruiz 1998 pp 14 15 goldman emma the psychology of political violence anarchism and other essays gutenberg payne stanley g 2006 the collapse of the spanish republic 1933 1936 united states yale university press tamburini francesco 1996 michele angiolillo e l assassinio de cánovas del castillo spagna contemporanea in italian 9 101 130 issn 1121 7480 via dialnet anderson benedict 2005 under three flags anarchism and the anti colonial imagination london verson p 193 isbn 1 84467 037 6 espinosa de los monteros y ortega eugenio 8 august 2019 una carta inédita de cánovas del castillo abc la duquesa de cánovas del castillo pdf gente conocida 21 august 1901 roldán de montaud inés 2015 la elite político administrativa del ministerio de ultramar los subsecretarios 1863 1899 in jean philippe luis ed l état dans ses colonies collection de la casa de velázquez madrid casa de velázquez pp 99 118 isbn 9788490961506 gow richard 11 february 2016 civil and military relations in spain in the context of world war i in gearóid barry enrico dal lago róisín healy ed small nations and colonial peripheries in world war i leiden and boston brill p 108 isbn 978 90 04 29296 3 gómez ochoa 2000 p 152 osés gorráiz 1999 p 193 osés gorráiz 1999 p 202 caballero josé luis 2021 02 19 enigmas de la historia de barcelona in spanish ma non troppo isbn 978 84 9917 620 8 seco serrano 1997 p 415 heatley pilar 8 june 2010 el arte y la muerte en el panteón de hombres ilustres el mundo madrid unidad editorial internet s l retrieved 23 november 2019 rincón david alonso 31 october 2019 el desconocido y oculto panteón de los hombres ilustres en el centro de madrid libertad digital in spanish retrieved 23 november 2019 bibliography gómez ochoa fidel 2000 ideología y cultura política en el pensamiento de antonio cánovas del castillo revista de estudios políticos 108 madrid centro de estudios políticos y constitucionales 143 166 issn 0048 7694 osés gorráiz jesús maría 1999 el sistema de cánovas del castillo las verdades madres en la política revista de estudios políticos 103 madrid centro de estudios políticos y constitucionales 187 212 issn 0048 7694 ruiz octavio 1998 spain on the threshold of a new century society and politics before and after the disaster of 1898 mediterranean historical review 13 1 2 7 27 doi 10 1080 09518969808569733 seco serrano carlos 1997 el centenario de cánovas aproximación cordial al monstruo boletín oficial de la real academia de la historia cxciv iii madrid real academia de la historia 411 424 issn 0034 0626 further reading edit wikimedia commons has media related to antonio cánovas del castillo chisholm hugh ed 1911 canovas del castillo antonio encyclopædia britannica vol 5 11th ed cambridge university press pp 206 207 1893 spanish conservative leader escapes dynamite attack the new york times other sources edit the original version of this article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the spanish language wikipedia which was accessed in the version of 6 september 2007 political offices preceded by antonio de benavides minister of the governation 1864 succeeded by luis gonzález bravo preceded by manuel seijas lozano minister of the overseas 1865 1866 succeeded by alejandro de castro casal preceded by francisco serrano as president president of the minister regency 1874 1875 succeeded by alfonso xii as king of spain preceded by práxedes mateo sagasta prime minister of spain 1875 succeeded by joaquín jovellar soler preceded by joaquín jovellar soler prime minister of spain 1875 1879 succeeded by arsenio martínez campos antón preceded by arsenio martínez campos antón prime minister of spain 1879 1881 succeeded by práxedes mateo sagasta preceded by josé posada herrera prime minister of spain 1884 1885 succeeded by práxedes mateo sagasta preceded by francisco de borja queipo de llano president of the congress of deputies 1885 1886 succeeded by cristino martos balbi preceded by práxedes mateo sagasta prime minister of spain 1890 1892 succeeded by práxedes mateo sagasta preceded by práxedes mateo sagasta prime minister of spain 1895 1897 succeeded by marcelo azcárraga palmero party political offices preceded by party created leader of the conservative party 1874 1897 succeeded by francisco silvela v t e prime ministers of spain acting prime ministers shown in italics queen isabella ii 1833 1868 martínez de la rosa toreno álava álvarez mendizábal istúriz calatrava espartero bardají heredia spínola frías alaix pérez de castro a gonzález ferraz cortázar sancho espartero ferrer a gonzález rodil j m lópez gómez becerra olózaga gonzález bravo narváez miraflores narváez sotomayor pacheco salamanca garcía goyena narváez clonard bravo murillo roncali lersundi sartorius mendigorría rivas espartero o donnell narváez armero istúriz o donnell arrazola mon narváez o donnell narváez gonzález bravo havana democratic sexennium 1868 1874 madoz serrano prim topete serrano ruiz zorrilla malcampo sagasta topete serrano mendigorría ruiz zorrilla figueras pi salmerón castelar serrano sierra bullones sagasta the restoration 1874 1931 cánovas jovellar martínez campos sagasta posada azcárraga silvela fernández villaverde maura montero moret lópez domíngu...