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porting composing validating compiling running and debugging scripts some also provide for listing applescript dictionaries saving scripts in a number of formats syntax highlighting and inserting code snippets applescript editor an editor from apple packaged with macos called applescript editor in mac os x snow leopard 10 6 through os x mavericks 10 9 and script editor in all earlier and later versions of macos scripts are written in document editing windows where they can be compiled and run and these windows contain various panes in which logged information execution results and other information is available for debugging purposes access to scripting dictionaries and prewritten code snippets is available through the application menus since os x yosemite 10 10 script editor includes the ability to write in both applescript and javascript 14 xcode a suite of tools from apple for developing applications with features for editing scripts and creating standalone applications written in applescript script debugger a commercial ide from late night software script debugger is a relatively advanced applescript environment that allows the script writer to debug applescripts via single stepping breakpoints stepping in and out of functions subroutines variable tracking etc script debugger also contains an advanced dictionary browser that allows the user to see the dictionary in action in real world situations that is rather than just a listing of what the dictionary covers one can open a document in pages for example and see how the dictionary s terms apply to that document making it easier to determine which parts of the dictionary to use script debugger is not designed to create scripts with a gui other than basic alerts and dialogs but is focused more on the coding and debugging of scripts smile and smilelab a third party freeware commercial ide for applescript itself written entirely in applescript 15 smile is free and primarily designed for applescript development smilelab is commercial software with extensive additions for numerical analysis graphing machine automation and web production smile and smilelab use an assortment of different windows applescript windows for running and saving full scripts applescript terminals for testing code line by line unicode windows for working with text and xml users can create complex interfaces called dialogs for situations where the built in dialogs in applescript are insufficient asobjc explorer 4 a discontinued commercial ide from shane stanley for applescript especially for applescriptobjc 16 the main feature is cocoa object event logging debugging and code completion users can read cocoa events and objects like other scriptable applications this tool was originally built for applescript libraries available in os x mavericks applescript libraries aims for re usable applescript components and supports built in applescript dictionary sdef asobjc explorer 4 can be an external xcode script editor too facespan a discontinued commercial ide from late night software for creating applescript applications with graphic user interfaces 17 script launchers edit for development and ad hoc scenarios a script can be run from a script editor but to support automation a script must run without opening another application there are a number of options for doing so applets applescripts can be saved from a script editor as applications called applets or droplets when they accept input via drag and drop 5 69 applets can be run from the dock from the toolbar of finder windows from spotlight from third party application launchers or from any other place where applications can be run folder actions using applescript folder actions scripts can be launched when specific changes occur in folders such as adding or removing files 18 folder actions can be assigned by clicking on a folder and choosing folder actions setup from the contextual menu the location of this command differs slightly in mac os x 10 6 x from earlier versions this same action can be achieved with third party utilities such as hazel 19 hotkey launchers keyboard shortcuts can be assigned to applescripts in the script menu using the keyboard mouse settings preference pane in system preferences in addition various third party utilities are available alfred 20 fastscripts 21 keyboard maestro 22 quickeys 23 quicksilver 24 textexpander 25 which can run applescripts on demand using key combinations script menu this system wide menu provides access to applescripts from the macos menu bar visible no matter what application is running 26 in addition many apple applications some third party applications and some add ons provide their own script menus these may be activated in different ways but all function in essentially the same manner selecting a script in the script menu launches it since mac os x 10 6 x the system wide script menu can be enabled from the preferences of script editor in prior versions of mac os x it could be enabled from the applescript utility application when first enabled the script menu displays a default library of fairly generic functional applescripts which can also be opened in script editor and used as examples for learning applescript scripts can be organized so that they only appear in the menu when particular applications are in the foreground unix command line and launchd applescripts can be run from the unix command line or from launchd for scheduled tasks 5 716 by using the osascript command line tool 27 the osascript tool can run compiled scripts scpt files and plain text files applescript files these are compiled by the tool at runtime script applications can be run using the unix open command resources edit applescript libraries edit re usable applescript modules available since os x mavericks written in applescript or applescriptobjc and saved as script files or bundles in certain locations 28 that can be called from other scripts when saved as a bundle a library can include an applescript dictionary sdef file 29 thus functioning like a scripting addition but written in applescript or applescriptobjc applescript studio edit a framework for attaching cocoa interfaces to applescript applications part of the xcode package in mac os x 10 4 and 10 5 now deprecated in favor of applescriptobjc 30 438 applescriptobjc edit a cocoa development software framework also called applescript objective c or asoc 31 part of the xcode package since mac os x snow leopard 32 applescriptobjc allows applescripts to use cocoa classes and methods directly 33 the following table shows the availability of applescriptobjc in various versions of macos 34 where applescriptobjc can be used in each macos version os version in xcode in applets in applescript libraries in script editor 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 applescriptobjc can be used in all subsequent mac os x versions automator edit main article automator software a graphical modular editing environment in which workflows are built up from actions it is intended to duplicate many of the functions of applescript without the necessity for programming knowledge automator has an action specifically designed to contain and run applescripts for tasks that are too complex for automator s simplified framework 35 scriptable core system applications edit these background only applications packaged with macos are used to allow applescript to access features that would not normally be scriptable as of mac os x 10 6 3 they include the scriptable applications for voiceover scriptable auditory and braille screen reader package system events control of non scriptable applications and access to certain system functions and basic file operations printer setup utility scriptable utility for handling print jobs image events core image manipulation helpviewer scriptable utility for showing help displays database events minimal sqlite3 database interface applescript utility for scripting a few applescript related preferences scripting additions osax edit plug ins for applescript developed by apple or third parties 36 they are designed to extend the built in command set expanding applescript s features and making it somewhat less dependent on functionality provided by applications macos includes a collection of scripting additions referred to as standard additions standardadditions osax that adds a set of commands and classes that are not part of applescript s core features including user interaction dialogs reading and writing files file system commands date functions and text and mathematical operations without this osax applescript would have no capacity to perform many basic actions not directly provided by an application language edit typing edit variables are not strictly typed and do not need to be declared variables can take any data type including scripts and functions for example create an integer variable called variable1 set variable1 to 1 create a text variable called variable2 set variable2 to hello create a list variable called variable3 copy 17 doubleday to variable3 copy the list items of variable3 into separate variables variable4 and variable5 set variable4 variable5 to variable3 set a variable to an instance of a script set variable6 to script myscript scoping edit a subroutines cannot be called directly from an application tell block use of my or of me is required tell application finder set x to my myhandler or set x to myhandler of me end tell on myhandler commands end myhandler using the same technique for scripting addition commands can reduce errors and improve performance tell application finder set anynumber to my random number from 5 to 50 end tell types and objects edit a script can define custom data types or use one of the many built in classes and objects which are provided by the language and tend to be recognized by scriptable applications notable built in types and objects include basic objects application used mostly as a specifier for tell statements tell application finder script script objects are containers for scripts every applescript creates a script object when run and script objects may be created within applescripts class meta object that specifies the type of other objects reference object that encapsulates an unevaluated object specifier that may or may not point to a valid object can be evaluated on demand by accessing its contents property standard data objects constant constant value language defined constants include pi tab and linefeed boolean boolean true false value subclass of constant number abstract superclass of integer and real rarely used directly integer integer can be manipulated with built in mathematical operators real floating point real number can be manipulated with built in mathematical operators date date and time text before applescript 2 0 mac os x 10 4 and below the text class was distinct from string and unicode text and the three behaved somewhat differently in 2 0 10 5 and later they are all synonyms and all text is handled as utf 16 37 containers list ordered list of objects can contain any class including other lists and classes defined by applications record keyed list of objects like a list except structured as key value pairs runtime keyed access is unsupported all keys must be compile time constant identifiers file system alias reference to an existing file system object file or folder maintains link to file system object if moved or renamed file reference to a file system object can refer to an object that does not exist posix file reference to a file system object in plain text using unix posix style slash notation not a true data type as applescript automatically converts a posix file to an ordinary file 38 miscellaneous rgb color specifies an rgb triplet in 16 bit high color format for use in commands and objects that work with colors unit types converts between standard units for instance a value can be defined as square yards then converted to square feet by casting between unit types using the as operator block edit applescript supports compound statement code structure via either single or multiple line syntax the multiple line syntax ends a code block with a phrase that like end keyword where keyword is the statement keyword at the start of the block for example simple form tell application safari to activate compound tell application myapp commands for app end tell script edit a script object is full object encapsulating methods and data and inheriting data and behavior from a parent script script objects can use the same tell constructs that are used for application objects and can be loaded from and saved to files runtime performance can be enhanced in some cases by using script objects a script object is defined as script scriptname commands and handlers specific to the script end script loop edit the loop construct has multiple variations all using the keyword repeat the loop can be exited via exit repeat unconditional repeat commands to be repeated end repeat repeat a number of times repeat 10 times commands to be repeated end repeat conditional for repeat while the block is executed as long as a condition evaluates to true the repeat until loop is the same except that the block is executed as long as the condition evaluates to false set x to 5 repeat while x 0 set x to x 1 end repeat set x to 5 repeat until x 0 set x to x 1 end repeat with a variable a variable is initialized to a value and after each execution of the block the variable is incremented by the step value 1 if not specified repeat the block 2000 times i gets all values from 1 to 2000 repeat with i from 1 to 2000 commands to be repeated end repeat repeat the block 4 times i gets values 100 75 50 and 25 repeat with i from 100 to 25 by 25 commands to be repeated end repeat enumerate a variable has the value of each list item as the loop progresses set total to 0 repeat with loopvariable in 1 2 3 4 5 set total to total loopvariable end repeat handler edit a handler a variation of the block structure defines a subroutine function handler on myfunction parameters subroutine commands end myfunction folder actions block on adding folder items to thisfolder after receiving theseitems commands to apply to the folder or items end adding folder items to run handler on run commands end run handlers can also be defined using to in place of on and can be written to accept labeled parameters not enclosed in parens handler with labeled parameters on rock around the clock display dialog clock as string end rock called with rock around the current date handler using to and labeled parameters to check for yournumber from bottom thru top if bottom yournumber and yournumber top then display dialog congratulations you scored end if end check called with check for 8 from 7 thru 10 there are four types of predefined handlers in applescript run open idle and quit each of which is created in the same way as the run handler shown above run handler defines the main code o...