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o seen as the company s response to the new ibm pcjr 1 2 3 and apple hoped to sell 400 000 by the end of 1984 4 the company described it as a portable computer despite lacking a display or battery 5 while essentially an apple iie computer in a smaller case it was not a successor but rather a complement one apple ii machine would be sold for users who required the expandability of slots and another for those wanting the simplicity of a plug and play machine with portability in mind the machine introduced apple s snow white design language notable for its case styling and a modern look designed by hartmut esslinger which became the standard for apple equipment and computers for nearly a decade the apple iic introduced a unique off white coloring known as fog chosen to enhance the snow white design style 1 the iic and some peripherals are the only apple products to use the fog coloring 6 codenames for the machine while under development included lollie et yoda teddy vlc iib iip 7 overview of features edit apple iic including monitor external floppy drive and mouse improving the iie edit the apple iic is an apple iie in a smaller case more portable and easier to use but also less expandable the iic uses the cmos based 65c02 microprocessor which added 27 new instructions to the 6502 but is incompatible with programs that use illegal opcodes of the 6502 apple stated that the apple iic was compatible with 90 95 of the 10 000 software packages available for the apple ii 2 1 the new rom firmware allows applesoft basic to recognize lowercase characters and work better with an 80 column display and fixes several bugs from the iie rom in terms of video the text display adds 32 unique character symbols called mousetext which when placed side by side can display simple icons windows and menus to create a graphical user interface completely out of text similar in concept to ibm code page 437 or petscii s box drawing characters a year later the apple iie would benefit from these improvements in the form of a four chip upgrade called the enhanced iie built in cards and ports edit the equivalent of five expansion cards are built in and integrated into the apple iic motherboard 3 an extended 80 column text card two super serial cards a mouse card and a disk ii floppy drive controller card the apple iic has 128 kb ram 80 column text and double hi resolution graphics built in and available right out of the box unlike the iie the built in cards are mapped to virtual slots so software from the slot based apple ii can use them without modification the entire apple disk ii card used for controlling floppy drives is part of the single chip called the iwm integrated woz machine in the rear of the machine are connection ports the standard de 9 joystick connector doubles as a mouse interface compatible with the same mice used by the lisa and early macintoshes two serial ports are primarily for a printer and modem and a floppy port connector supports a single external 5 25 inch drive and later intelligent devices such as 3 5 inch drives and hard disks a video expansion port provides rudimentary signals for add on adapters but alone cannot directly generate a video signal apple produced an lcd and an rf modulator for this port the latter shipped with early iic computers a port connector ties into an internal 12 v power converter for attaching batteries this is where the large external power supply dubbed brick on a leash by users plugs in the same composite video port found on earlier apple ii models is present but not the cassette ports or internal dip 16 game port built in accessories and keyboard edit the apple iic has a built in 5 25 inch floppy drive 140 kb along the right side of the case the first apple ii model to include such a feature along the left side of the case is a dial to control the volume of the internal speaker along with a 1 8 inch monaural audio jack for headphones or an external speaker a fold out carrying handle is also used to prop up the back end of the machine when in use this is required to provide good air circulation and make typing comfortable 8 the photos in this article show the system sitting flat which was not uncommon for owners to do as it allowed accessories to be stacked on the upper surface the keyboard layout is similar to that of the apple iie however the reset key is above the esc key two toggle switches are also located in the same area an 80 40 column switch for specially written software to detect which text video mode to start up in and a keyboard switch to select between qwerty and dvorak layout or between us and national layout on non american machines 9 the keyboard itself is built into the front half of the case much like a notebook computer and early models 10 have a rubber mat placed beneath the keycaps which acted as a liquid spill guard reception edit apple expected the iic to be its top seller during christmas 1984 competing against the improved pcjr the company almost stopped production of the iie because of the iic s expected popularity causing a shortage of the former and glut of the latter 11 12 although apple predicted that it would sell 100 000 iic computers per month it sold an average of 100 000 per year over four years even the unsuccessful pcjr outsold it during each computer s first year on the market 12 although the iic was less expensive than the iie in most configurations 11 the latter was much more popular than the former because of its greater expandability with the newer computer not outselling the older until late 1984 13 14 however according to paul kunkel in appledesign apple sold more than 400 000 apple iic computers in the first year most of the sales including the matching monitor 15 iic s incomplete compatibility mostly because of copy protection also affected sales while not as serious a problem as pcjr s imperfect pc compatibility apple s internal guide to affected products grew from april 1984 s 47 pages to july 1984 s 93 as publishers rewrote software some appeared in separate iic and iie versions confusing consumers 11 while noting its lack of an internal modem and inability to use expansion cards such as the popular z 80 softcard byte in may 1984 described the apple iic as a head to head competitor with the ibm pcjr for novice computer users 1 creative computing agreed stating in july 1984 that this war will have no clear winner apple fans will buy the iic and ibm fans will buy the pcjr i believe the apple ii will live forever with the iic as the final transmutation of the apple ii because it was about as small as a computer with a full sized keyboard and 5 1 4 drive could be 2 the magazine said in december 1984 that the iie and iic were the best home computers with prices above 500 with the iic better for those using word processing and business software 16 specifications edit the motherboard of an apple iic microprocessor 65c02 running at 1 023 mhz 8 bit data bus memory 128 kb ram built in 32 kb rom built in 16 kb rom in original expandable from 128 kb to 1 mb only through non conventional methods in original video 40 and 80 columns text with 24 lines 17 low resolution 40 48 16 colors high resolution 280 192 6 colors 18 double low resolution 80 48 16 colors double high resolution 560 192 16 colors 18 audio built in speaker 1 bit toggling user adjustable volume manual dial control built in storage slim line internal 5 25 inch floppy drive 140 kb single sided internal connectors memory expansion card connector 34 pin only available on rom 3 motherboard and higher original iic none specialized chip controllers iwm integrated woz machine for floppy drives dual 6551 acia chips for serial i o external connectors joystick mouse de 9 printer serial 1 din 5 modem serial 2 din 5 video expansion port d 15 floppy drive smartport d 19 15 volt dc connector input din 7 male ntsc composite video output rca connector audio out 1 8 inch mono phone jack revisions edit the apple iic was in production from april 1984 to august 1988 with minor changes these modifications include three new rom updates a bug fix correction to the original motherboard a newly revised motherboard and a slight cosmetic change to the external appearance of the machine the rom revision for a specific apple iic is determined by entering the applesoft basic programming language and typing in the command print peek 64447 which returns the value indicating the particular rom version 19 original iic rom version 255 edit the initial rom installed in machines produced during the first year and a half of production is 16 kb in size the only device which can be connected to the disk port is one external 5 25 inch floppy drive software can be booted from this external drive by typing the command pr 7 the serial port does not mask incoming linefeed characters or support the xon xoff protocol unlike all later firmware revisions there is no self test diagnostic present in this rom holding down the solid apple key during cold boot merely cycles unusual patterns on screen which serves no useful purpose or indication of the machine s health serial port timing fix edit serial ports on apple iic motherboards manufactured before december 1984 are 2 9 slower than the electronic industries association standard greater than the permitted plus or minus 2 variance non apple modems with speeds greater than 300 baud are incompatible with the ports 20 the motherboards derive the serial timing through a 74ls161 ttl logic chip this causes some third party modems and printers which operated at 1200 baud or faster to function improperly slower serial devices operating at 300 baud or less are unaffected as well as some faster devices which can tolerate the deviation the solution to ensure all devices are compatible is to replace the ttl chip with a 1 8432 mhz crystal oscillator next to capacitor c19 during manufacture apple swapped affected motherboards for users who could prove they had an incompatible serial device e g a third party 1200 baud modem which presented problems not all do unidisk 3 5 support rom version 0 edit this update introduced in november 1985 doubles the rom firmware in size from 16 kb to 32 kb the new rom supports intelligent devices such as the apple unidisk 3 5 inch 800 kb floppy drive and smartport based hardisks in addition to an external 5 25 inch floppy drive a new self test diagnostic is provided for testing built in ram and other signs of logic faults the mini assembler absent since the days of the apple ii plus returned and new monitor step and trace commands the upgraded rom adds rudimentary support for an external appletalk networking device when attempting to boot virtual slot 7 users see appletalk offline but no compliant device was ever released the upgrade consists of a single chip swap and minor motherboard modification which apple provided free only to persons who purchased a unidisk 3 5 drive a small sticker with an icon of a 3 5 inch floppy diskette was placed next to the existing 5 25 inch diskette icon above the floppy drive port indicating the upgrade memory expansion iic rom version 3 edit introduced in september 1986 simultaneously with the apple ii gs this model introduced a new logic board new keyboard and new color scheme 21 the original apple iic has no expansion options and required third party cards to perform various hardware tricks this can be done by removing the cpu and mmu chips and inserting a special board into these sockets which uses bank switching to expand memory up to 1 megabyte ram this is similar to the function of the slots in the original apple ii and ii and the auxiliary slot in the apple iie the new motherboard has a 34 pin socket for plugging in memory cards directly which allows for the addressing of up to 1 mb megabytes of memory using slinky type memory cards the onboard chip count was reduced from 16 memory chips 64k 1 to four 64k 4 the new firmware replaces the code for the cancelled appletalk networking device with support for memory cards bumping out the non supported appletalk functionality memory now lives in virtual slot 4 and mouse support moved to slot 7 the new keyboard no longer has the rubber anti spill mat and offers generally more tactile and responsive keys that feel more clicky the color of the keyboard floppy drive latch and power supply cords are light grey and not fog matching the new platinum color scheme of the apple ii gs the case style is still snow white owners of the previous iic model were entitled to a free motherboard upgrade if they purchased one of apple s iic memory expansion boards they did not receive the new keyboard or the cosmetic changes memory expansion fix rom version 4 edit in january 1988 a new rom firmware update was issued to address bugs in the new memory expandable iic changes include better detection of installed ram chips correction of a problem when using the serial modem port in terminal mode and a bug fix for keyboard buffering the rom upgrade was available free of charge only to owners of the memory expansion iic this was the final change to the apple iic which was superseded that september by the apple iic plus with a rom identified as version 5 international versions edit like the apple iie before it the apple iic keyboard differs depending on what region of the world it was sold in sometimes the differences are very minor such as extra local language characters and symbols printed on certain keycaps e g french accented characters on the canadian iic such as à é ç etc or the british pound symbol on the uk iic while other times the layout and shape of keys greatly differ e g european iics 22 in order to access the local character set the keyboard switch above the keyboard is depressed which switches text video from the us character set to the local set the dvorak keyboard layout is not available on international iics the feature is intended to switch between international keyboards and the dvorak layout is the alternate keyboard on us iics in some countries these localized iics also support 50 hz pal video and the different 220 240 volt power of that region by means of a different external power supply for the internal 12 volt power converter the international versions replace any english legends printed on the case specifically the keyboard toggle switch power and disk use drive activity labels with graphical icons add on accessories edit portability enhancements edit an apple iic with the apple flat panel display attached at the time of the iic s release apple announced an optional black and white 1 bit lcd screen designed specifically for the machine called the apple flat panel display it became available in early 1985 about three months after the original release date 5 while it was welcomed as a means of making the iic more portable it does not integrate well as a portable solution not attaching in a secure or permanent manner and not able to fold face down instead it sits atop the machine and connected...