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negeri, maulana, malik, ibrahim, fusha, amiya, مقارنة, خوريمقارنة, خوري, abdul, mukhlis, 219917900, 24865, ajas, v5i1, 195, tensions, fushâ, âmiyya, riham, shendy, 123, 150474487, 17507, tpls, 0902, limitations, unspoken, documentation, identifier, garc, ebsco, services, brown, keith, ogilve, sarah, elsevier, 0080877747, concise, 28th, spelled, amiyya, amiyah, ammiyah, amiyyah, ammiyyah, teaching, disambiguation, placement, accent, extremely, nowhere, recognizable, cacac, ˈʒbəl, ǧabal, جَبَل, vccvcv, makˈtaba, presumed, pattern, disagreement, developments, monastir, sfax, o̞ː, e̞ː, did, develop, phonemically, postulated, attempt, handle, requires, assuming, attempted, autonomous, eliminate, asserted, property, whole, none, proposals, seems, tenable, unpredictable, fronted, tolerate, shortens, occurrence, elision, undergo, vcvcv, ignoring, permitted, cluster, broken, insertion, goes, converted, labialization, schwa, obscuring, split, hand, spreads, nearest, complications, complex, rounded, marrakesh, length, syllabified, sonority, hierarchy, subdialects, tell, syllabic, peaks, phrase, fem, xəssək, təktəb, xəssk, ətkətb, xsˤsˤk, tktbi, uniformly, substituted, ccəc, single, allophonically, environments, weaker, velarized, allāh, aɫɫaː, الله, causes, pharyngeal, fricative, partial, powerful, sides, former, causing, near, reflect, complicated, predictable, furthermore, relational, preceding, expected, ijja, minimally, lip, rounding, stop, lightly, aspirated, alveolar, unaspirated, velarization, glottal, closure, devoiced, cairene, residue, applies, etymological, give, taħħa, tagħha, bitaʕ̞ħa, bitaħħa, bitaʕha, affricated, instance, emerged, thanks, replaces, affricates, remains

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dicative subjunctive distinction the indicative is marked by a prefix while the subjunctive lacks this the prefix is b or bi in egyptian arabic and levantine arabic but ka or ta in moroccan arabic it is not infrequent to encounter ħa as an indicative prefix in some persian gulf states and in south arabian arabic viz yemen ʕa is used in the north around the san aa region and ʃa is used in the southwest region of ta iz tunisian arabic maltese and at least some varieties of algerian and libyan arabic lack an indicative prefix rural dialects in tunisia however may use ta loss of h in the third person masculine enclitic pronoun when attached to a word ending in a consonant the form is usually u or o in sedentary dialects but ah or ih in bedouin dialects after a vowel the bare form h is used but in many sedentary dialects the h is lost here as well in egyptian arabic for example this pronoun is marked in this case only by lengthening of the final vowel and concomitant stress shift onto it but the h reappears when followed by another suffix ramā he threw it marama hū ʃ he didn t throw it the following innovations are characteristic of many or most sedentary dialects agreement verbal adjectival with inanimate plurals is plural rather than feminine singular or feminine plural as in ca development of a circumfix negative marker on the verb involving a prefix ma and a suffix ʃ in combination with the fusion of the indirect object and the development of new mood markers this results in morpheme rich verbal complexes that can approach polysynthetic languages in their complexity an example from egyptian arabic ma bi t ɡib u ha lnaː ʃ negation indicative 2nd person subject bring feminine object to us negation you plural aren t bringing her them to us note versteegh glosses bi as continuous in egyptian tunisian and moroccan arabic the distinction between active and passive participles has disappeared except in form i and in some classical borrowings these dialects tend to use form v and vi active participles as the passive participles of forms ii and iii the following innovations are characteristic of maghrebi arabic in north africa west of egypt in the imperfect maghrebi arabic has replaced first person singular ʔ with n and the first person plural originally marked by n alone is also marked by the u suffix of the other plural forms moroccan arabic has greatly rearranged the system of verbal derivation so that the traditional system of forms i through x is not applicable without some stretching it would be more accurate to describe its verbal system as consisting of two major types triliteral and quadriliteral each with a mediopassive variant marked by a prefixal t or tt the triliteral type encompasses traditional form i verbs strong ktəb write geminate ʃəmm smell hollow biʕ sell qul say xaf fear weak ʃri buy ħbu crawl bda begin irregular kul kla eat ddi take away ʒi come the quadriliteral type encompasses strong ca form ii quadriliteral form i sˤrˤfəq slap hrrəs break hrnən speak nasally hollow 2 ca form iii non ca ʕajən wait ɡufəl inflate mixəl eat slang hollow 3 ca form viii ix xtˤarˤ choose ħmarˤ redden weak ca form ii weak quadriliteral form i weak wrri show sˤqsˤi inquire hollow 2 weak ca form iii weak non ca weak sali end ruli roll tiri shoot irregular sˤifətˤ sˤafətˤ send there are also a certain number of quinquiliteral or longer verbs of various sorts e g weak pidˤali pedal blˤani scheme plan fanti dodge fake remnant ca form x stəʕməl use stahəl deserve diminutive t birˤʒəz act bourgeois t biznəs deal in drugs those types corresponding to ca forms viii and x are rare and completely unproductive while some of the non ca types are productive at one point form ix significantly increased in productivity over ca and there are perhaps 50 100 of these verbs currently mostly stative but not necessarily referring to colors or bodily defects however this type is no longer very productive due to the merging of short a and i most of these types show no stem difference between perfect and imperfect which is probably why the languages has incorporated new types so easily the following innovations are characteristic of egyptian arabic egyptian arabic probably under the influence of coptic puts the demonstrative pronoun after the noun al x da this x instead of ca haːðaː l x and leaves interrogative pronouns in situ rather than fronting them as in other dialects phonetics edit when it comes to phonetics the arabic dialects differ in the pronunciation of the short vowels a u and i and a number of selected consonants mainly ق q ج d͡ʒ and the interdentals ث θ ذ ð and ظ ðˤ in addition to the dental ض dˤ the ك k is sometimes palatalized depending on its position in a number of dialects letter standard arabic pronunciation dialectal main variations less common variations ق q q ɡ ʔ ɢ k d͡z d͡ʒ ɣ ج d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʒ ɡ ɟ j d͡z d ك k k t͡ʃ t͡s ʃ s ض dˤ dˤ ðˤ d zˤ tˤ ظ ðˤ ðˤ dˤ zˤ d ذ ð ð d z v ث θ θ t s f emphasis spreading edit emphasis spreading is a phenomenon where a is backed to ɑ in the vicinity of emphatic consonants the domain of emphasis spreading is potentially unbounded in egyptian arabic the entire word is usually affected although in levantine arabic and some other varieties it is blocked by i or j and sometimes ʃ it is associated with a concomitant decrease in the amount of pharyngealization of emphatic consonants so that in some dialects emphasis spreading is the only way to distinguish emphatic consonants from their plain counterparts it also pharyngealizes consonants between the source consonant and affected vowels although the effects are much less noticeable than for vowels emphasis spreading does not affect the affrication of non emphatic t in moroccan arabic with the result that these two phonemes are always distinguishable regardless of the nearby presence of other emphatic phonemes consonants capital city for nation unless stated otherwise edit letter dialect group levantine nilo egyptian peninsular mesopotamian maghrebi modern standard jordan 43 syria lebanon palestine egypt egypt sohag saudia arabia jeddah saudi arabia kuwaiti iraq iraq mosul tunisia algeria algieria oran moroccan urban ق q ɡ ʔ ʔ ɡ ɡ d͡z ɡ d͡ʒ ɡ q d͡ʒ k q in some words g ج d͡ʒ d͡ʒ ʒ ɡ d͡ʒ d͡ʒ j ʒ d͡ʒ ʒ ʒ ɡ ث θ t s t s θ θ θ t t ذ ð d z d z ð ð d ظ ðˤ dˤ zˤ dˤ zˤ ðˤ ðˤ dˤ ض dˤ dˤ ك k k k t͡s s k t͡ʃ k notes the pronunciation of standard ج depends on the region or the country but d͡ʒ is the predominant pronunciation outside the arab world and the only accepted pronunciation for quranic recitation the other common pronunciations are ɡ ʒ or ɟ the usage of the sounds d͡z for ق and t͡s or s for ك are more common in the traditional najdi dialects moroccan ج ʒ is sometimes pronounced g in some words as in جلس gləs he sat most dialects of arabic will use q for ق in learned words that are borrowed from standard arabic into the respective dialect or when arabs speak modern standard arabic the main dialectal variations in arabic consonants revolve around the consonants ج ق ث ذ ض ظ and partially ك classical arabic ق q varies widely from a dialect to another with ɡ q and ʔ being the most common ɡ in most of the arabian peninsula northern and eastern yemen and parts of oman southern iraq some parts of the levant upper egypt sudan libya mauritania chad and to lesser extent in some parts mostly rural of tunisia algeria and morocco but it is also used partially across those countries in some words q in most of tunisia algeria and morocco southern and western yemen and parts of oman northern iraq parts of the levant especially druze dialects however most other dialects of arabic will use this pronunciation in learned words that are borrowed from standard arabic into the respective dialect ʔ in most of the levant and lower egypt as well as some north african towns such as tlemcen and fez other variations include ɢ in sudanese and some forms of yemeni k in rural palestinian d͡ʒ in some positions in iraqi and gulf arabic ɣ or ʁ in some positions in sudanese and consonantally in the yemeni dialect of yafi d͡z in some positions in najdi though this pronunciation is fading in favor of ɡ classical arabic ج ɟ modern standard d͡ʒ varies widely from a dialect to another with d͡ʒ ʒ and ɡ being the most common d͡ʒ in most of the arabian peninsula algeria iraq upper egypt sudan parts of the levant and yemen ʒ in most of the levant and north africa ɡ in lower egypt parts of yemen and oman other variations include j in the persian gulf and southern iraq and coastal hadhramaut ɡʲ in some arabian bedouin dialects and parts of sudan as the 8th century persian linguist sibawayh described it classical interdental consonants ث θ and ذ ð become t d or s z in some words in egypt sudan most of the levant parts of the arabian peninsula urban hejaz and parts of yemen in morocco algeria and other parts of north africa they are consistently t d they remain θ and ð in most of the arabian peninsula iraq tunisia parts of yemen rural palestinian eastern libyan and some rural algerian dialects in arabic speaking towns of eastern turkey urfa siirt and mardin they respectively become f v this article should specify the language of its non english content using lang or langx transliteration for transliterated languages and ipa for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate iso 639 code wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used see why june 2021 reflexes of classical q place reflex ˈqalb baqara ˈwaqt ˈqaːl ˈqamar ˈqahwa quddaːm heart cow time said moon coffee in front of medina hejazi arabic ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahwa guddām uzbeki arabic jugari q occ ɡ qalb baqara waqt waḥt qāl qamar giddām kuwait city kuwait q or ɡ occ d͡ʒ gaḷb bgara wakt sporadic gāl gumar gahwa jiddām muslim baghdad arabic ɡ occ d͡ʒ gaḷuḅ baqare wakət gāl gumar gahwe guddām jiddām baghdadi judeo arabic q occ d͡ʒ qalb qāl qamaɣ jeddām mosul iraq q qʌləb bʌgʌɣa wʌqət qāl qʌmʌɣ qʌhwi qəddām anah iraq q or ɡ qālb bagra waqet qāl gahwa rural south mesopotamian arabic ɡ occ d͡ʒ galub bgure bagre wakit gāl gumar ghawe gahwe jiddām judeo iraqi arabic q qalb baqaṛa waqt waxt qāl qamaṛ qahwe qǝddām mardin anatolia q qalb baqaṛe waqt waxt qāl qumaṛ qaḥwe qǝddām sheep nomads s mesopotamia ne arabian peninsula ɡ occ d͡ʒ galb galub bgara wagt wakit gāl gamar ghawa jeddām camel nomads se mesopotamia ne arabian peninsula ɡ occ d͡z galb galub bgara wagt wakit gāl gamar ghawa dᶻöddām aleppo syria ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾǝddām damascus syria ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾǝddām beirut lebanon ʔ ʾalb baʾra waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾǝddeem amman jordan ɡ or ʔ gaḷib or ʾ alib bagara or ba ʾ ara wagǝt or wa ʾ ǝt gāl or ʾ āl gamar or ʾ amar gahweh or ʾ ahweh giddām or ʾ iddām irbid jordan ɡ galib bagara waket gāl gamar gahwe gahweh giddām sweida syria q qalb baqara qāl qamar qahwe nazareth israel ʔ or k ʾalb or kalb baʾara or bakara waʾt or wakt ʾāl or kāl ʾamar or kamar ʾahwe or kahwe ʾuddām or kuddām jerusalem urban palestinian arabic ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwe ʾuddām bir zeit west bank k kalb bakara wakt kāl kamar kahwe kuddām sanaa yemen ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahweh guddām cairo egypt ʔ ʾalb baʾara waʾt ʾāl ʾamar ʾahwa ʾuddām upper egypt sa idi arabic ɡ galb bagara wagt gāl gamar gahwa guddām sudan ɡ galib bagara wagt gāl gamra gahwa gahawa giddām ouaddaï chad ɡ occ q beger waqt gāl gamra gahwa benghazi e libya ɡ gaḷǝb ǝbgǝ́ṛa wagǝt gāḷ gǝmaṛ gahawa giddām tripoli libya g galb bugra wagǝt gāl gmar gahwa giddam tunis tunisia q occ ɡ qalb bagra waqt qal gamra qamra qahwa qoddem el hamma de gabes tunisia ɡ gal a b bagra wagt gal gamra gahwa geddem marazig tunisia ɡ occ q galab bagra wagt gal gamra gahwa qahwa qoddem geddem algiers algeria q occ ɡ qǝlb bagra waqt qal qamar gamra qahǝwa qoddam sétif algeria ɡ gǝlb bagra waqt gal gmar qahwa guddam jijel arabic algeria k kǝlb bekra wǝkt kal kmǝr kahwa kǝddam rabat morocco q occ ɡ qǝlb bgar waqt qal gal qamar gamra qahǝwa qǝddam gǝddam casablanca morocco q occ ɡ qǝlb bgar waqt gal qǝmr gamra qahǝwa qoddam north tangier morocco q qǝlb bqar waqt qal gǝmra qahǝwa qoddam jewish moroccans judeo arabic q qǝlb bqar wǝqt qal qmǝr qǝhwa qǝddam maltese ʔ written q qalb baqra waqt qal qamar quddiem cypriot maronite arabic k occ x kalp pakar oxt kal kamar kintám andalusian arabic q qalb baqar waqt qal qamar quddām ca ʔ is lost when adjacent to vowels the following simplifications take place in order v 1 ʔv 2 v̄ when v 1 v 2 aʔi aʔw aj aw iʔv uʔv ijv uwv vʔc v̄c elsewhere ʔ is simply lost in ca and modern standard arabic msa ʔ is still pronounced because this change had already happened in meccan arabic at the time the qur an was written it is reflected in the orthography of written arabic where a diacritic known as hamzah is inserted either above an ʾalif wāw or yāʾ or on the line between characters or in certain cases a diacritic ʾalif maddah ʾalif is inserted over an ʾalif as a result proper spelling of words involving ʔ is probably one of the most difficult issues in arabic orthography modern dialects have smoothed out the morphophonemic variations typically by losing the associated verbs or moving them into another paradigm for example qaraʔ read becomes qara or ʔara a third weak verb ʔ has reappeared medially in various words due to borrowing from ca in addition q has become ʔ in many dialects although the two are marginally distinguishable in egyptian arabic since words beginning with original ʔ can elide this sound whereas words beginning with original q cannot ca k often becomes t͡ʃ in the persian gulf iraq some rural palestinian dialects and in some bedouin dialects when adjacent to an original i particularly in the second singular feminine enclitic pronoun where t͡ʃ replaces classical ik or ki in a very few moroccan varieties it affricates to k͡ʃ elsewhere it remains k ca r is pronounced ʀ in a few areas mosul for instance and the jewish variety in algiers in all of northern africa a phonemic distinction has emerged between plain r and emphatic rˤ thanks to the merging of short vowels ca t but not emphatic ca tˤ is affricated to t͡s in moroccan arabic this is still distinguishable from the sequence ts ca ʕ is pronounced in iraqi arabic and kuwaiti arabic with glottal closure ʔˤ in some varieties ʕ is devoiced to ħ before h for some speakers of cairene arabic bitaʕha bitaħħa or bitaʕ̞ħa hers the residue of this rule applies also in the maltese language where neither etymological h nor ʕ are pronounced as such but give ħ in this context tagħha taħħa hers the nature of emphasis differs somewhat from variety to variety it is usually described as a concomitant pharyngealization but in most sedentary varieties is actually velarization or a combination of the two the phonetic effects of the two are only minimally different from each other usually there is some associated lip rounding in addition the stop consonants t and d are dental and lightly aspirated when non emphatic bu...