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nsported began to have more value and the merchants needed to protect their coveted goods especially since they were often traveling through poor areas where the risk of theft was high to overcome this problem merchants began to travel in caravans as a way to ensure their personal safety as well as the safety of their goods 20 the second prerequisite to early long distant trade had to be an agreement on a rate of exchange since a number of the merchants came from distant lands with different monetary systems a system had to be put into place as a way to enforce repayment of previous goods repay previous debt and to ensure contracts were upheld 20 expansion was also able to thrive so long as it had a motive for exchange as a way to promote trade amongst foreign lands also outside merchants access to trading sites was a critical factor in trade route growth the spread of goods and ideas edit the most popular goods produced were spices which were traded over short distances while manufactured goods were central to the system and could not have been aided without them 9 the invention of money in the form of gold coins in europe and middle east and paper money in china around the thirteenth century allowed trade to move more easily between the different actors 21 the main actors involved in this system viewed gold silver and copper as valuable on different levels nevertheless goods were transferred prices set exchange rates agreed upon contracts entered into credit extended partnerships formed and agreements that were made were kept on record and honored 22 during this time of globalization credit was also used as a means for trading the use of credit began in the form of blood ties but later led to the emergence the banker as a profession 23 during this period the republic of genoa and the republic of venice emerged as prominent commercial and maritime powers in europe and in the mediterranean area as a whole genoa strategically located in the mediterranean controlled crucial trade routes connecting western europe with the middle east and north africa and the black sea this positioning solidified its role as a vital commercial hub facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas across continents meanwhile venice dominated trade in the adriatic establishing and maintaining an extensive network of routes known as the venetian maritime empire these routes reached into the byzantine and ottoman empires allowing venice to wield significant economic and political influence in the region both republics fiercely competed for control of territories and trade routes shaping the economic landscape and cultural exchange of their time 24 25 with the spread of people came new ideas religion and goods throughout the land which had never been apparent in most societies before the movement 17 also this globalization lessened the degree of feudal life by transitioning from self sufficient society to a money economy 26 most of the trade connecting north africa and europe was controlled by the middle east china and india around 1400 27 because of the danger and great cost of long distance travel in the pre modern period archaic globalization grew out of the trade in high value commodities which took up a small amount of space most of the goods that were produced and traded were considered a luxury and some who considered those with these coveted items to have a higher place on the societal scale citation needed examples of such luxury goods would include chinese silks exotic herbs coffee cotton iron indian calicoes arabian horses gems and spices or drugs such as nutmeg cloves pepper ambergris and opium the thirteenth century as well as present day favor luxury items due to the fact that small high value goods can have high transport costs but still have a high value attached to them whereas low value heavy goods are not worth carrying very far 28 purchases of luxury items such as these are described as archaic consumption since trade was largely popular for these items as opposed to everyday needs the distinction between food drugs and materia medica is often quite blurred in regards to these substances which were valued not only for their rarity but because they appealed to humoral theories of health and the body that were prevalent throughout premodern eurasia citation needed major trade routes edit during the time of archaic globalization there were three major trade routes which connected europe china and the middle east 29 the northernmost route went through mostly the mongol empire and was nearly 5000 miles long 30 even though the route consisted of mostly vast stretches of desert with little to no resources merchants still traveled it the route was still traveled because during the 13th century kubilai khan united the mongol empire and charged only a small protective rent to travelers 31 before the unification merchants from the middle east used the path but were stopped and taxed at nearly every village 32 the middle route went from the coast of syria to baghdad from there the traveler could follow the land route through persia to india or sail to india via the persian gulf between the 8th and 10th centuries baghdad was a world city 33 but in the 11th century it began to decline due to natural disasters including floods earthquakes and fires 34 in 1258 baghdad was taken over by the mongols the mongols forced high taxes on the citizens of baghdad which led to a decrease in production causing merchants to bypass the city 35 the third southernmost route went through mamluk controlled egypt after the fall of baghdad cairo became the islamic capital 36 some major cities along these trading routes were wealthy and provided services for merchants and the international markets palmyra and petra which are located on the fringes of the syrian desert flourished mainly as power centers of trading they would police the trade routes and be the source of supplies for the merchants caravans they also became places where people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds could meet and interact these trading routes were the communication highways for the ancient civilizations and their societies new inventions religious beliefs artistic styles languages and social customs as well as goods and raw materials were transmitted by people moving from one place to another to conduct business 37 proto globalization edit proto globalization is the period following archaic globalization which occurred from the 17th through the 19th centuries the global routes established within the period of archaic globalization gave way to more distinguished expanding routes and more complex systems of trade within the period of proto globalization 38 familiar trading arrangements such as the east india company appeared within this period making larger scale exchanges possible 39 slave trading was especially extensive and the associated mass production of commodities on plantations is characteristic of this time 40 as a result of a measurable amount of polyethnic regions due to these higher frequency trade routes war became prominent such wars include the french and indian war american revolutionary war 41 and the anglo dutch war between england and the dutch republic 42 modern globalization edit the modern form of globalization began to take form during the 19th century the evolving beginnings of this period were largely responsible for the expansion of the west capitalism and imperialism backed up by the nation state and industrial technology 43 this began to emerge during the 1500s continuing to expand exponentially over time as industrialization developed in the 18th century the conquests of the british empire and the opium wars added to the industrialization and formation of the growing global society because it created vast consumer regions 44 world war i is when the first phase of modern globalization began to take force it is said by vm yeates that the economic forces of globalization were part of the cause of the war 45 since world war i globalization has expanded greatly the evolving improvements of multinational corporations technology science and mass media have all been results of extensive worldwide exchanges in addition institutions such as the world bank the world trade organization and multiple international telecommunication companies have also shaped modern globalization 46 the world wide web has also played a large role in modern globalization the internet provides connectivity across national and international borders aiding in the enlargement of a global network 47 see also edit business portal history of globalization military globalization references edit 1 2 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization policy press p 45 1 2 3 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony oxford university press p 33 1 2 3 4 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization polity press p 47 1 2 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization polity press p 48 burke edmund 2009 islam at the center technological complexes and the roots of modernity journal of world history 20 2 186 issn 1045 6007 jstor 40542756 barnett charles ugarković marina 30 june 2020 globalization processes and insularity on the dalmatian islands in the late iron age in kouremenos anna gordon jody michael eds mediterranean archaeologies of insularity in an age of globalization oxford oxbow books p 89 isbn 9781789253474 retrieved 14 june 2025 in certain scholarly circles the archaic classical and particularly the hellenistic mediterranean world is increasingly understood as on in which globalizing processes affected the socio cultural and economic lives of communities across the entire region these processes are largely seen as the result of various trading colonizing and military activities if greeks phoenicians and later romans greek colonization of the mediterranean and black sea region during the archaic period created a kind of decentralized network a small space in which various forms and styles of material culture were transmitted across thousands of miles between intensively connected communities martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization p 44 rossi ino 2008 frontiers of globalization research theoretical and methodological approaches springer science business media pp 33 36 1 2 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony the world system a d 1250 1350 oxford university press p 8 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony the world system a d 1250 1350 oxford university press p 47 1 2 3 4 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony oxford university press p 47 kochler hans 2000 globality versus democracy the changing nature of international relations in the era of globalization vienna international progress organization p 35 pramanick 2010 globalization in india new frontiers emerging new delhi phi learning private limited p 49 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization p 45 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization polity press p 45 c a bayly birth of the modern world oxford 2004 pp 42 44 1 2 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization policy press p 44 1 2 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony oxford university press p 52 1 2 3 4 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony oxford university press p 53 1 2 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony oxford university press p 54 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 15 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony the world system a d 1250 1350 p 8 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc pp 15 16 republic of venice the rise fall of a maritime powerhouse thecollector 2023 08 05 retrieved 2024 07 05 l espansione di genova nel mediterraneo limes in italian 2020 12 09 retrieved 2024 07 05 dobb maurice 1962 transition from feudalism to capitalism p 3 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 14 abu lughod janet 1991 before european hegemony oxford university press p 55 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 137 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 176 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 154 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 157 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 145 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 192 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 195 abu lughod janet l 1989 before european hegemony oxford university press inc p 196 department of ancient near eastern art trade routes between europe and asia during antiquity in heilbrunn timeline of art history new york the metropolitan museum of art 2000 http www metmuseum org toah hd trade hd_trade htm october 2000 hopkins a g 2003 globalization in world history new york city ny norton p 3 isbn 978 0 393 97942 8 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link bayly a c 2004 the birth of the modern world blackwell publishing ltd p 62 bayly c a 2004 the birth of the modern world blackwell publishing ltd p 42 hopkins a g 2003 globalization in world history new york city ny norton pp 4 5 isbn 978 0 393 97942 8 rommelse gijs 2006 the second anglo dutch war 1665 1667 hilversum p 11 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization polity press pp 53 54 martell luke 2010 the sociology of globalization polity press p 60 yeates vm 1962 winged victory london jonathan cape pp 54 55 jurgen osterhammel 2005 globalization a short history p 8 elmer greg 2002 critical perspectives on the internet lanham maryland rowman and littlefield publishers inc p 183 v t e globalization journals outline studies aspects alter globalization anti globalization movement left right cultural globalization deglobalization democratic globalization economic globalization economic integration environmental globalization financial integration fiscal union global citizenship education global financial system global governance global health law global migration global politics global workforce globality harmonisation of law history of archaic early modern military globalization political globalization regional integration trade bloc trade globalization issues global balance of trade capital outflow capital flight climate change climate justice climate migration criticisms foreign ownership disease covid 19 pandemic digital divide labor arbitrage monetary sovereignty multilingualism population tariff engineering tax havens offshore financial centres tax inversions trafficking arms children drugs endangered species human sex value added tax water crisis other brain drain reverse care drain development aid economic inequality endangered languages fair trade forced displacement human rights illicit financial flows imperialism academic cultural linguistic media scientific social invas...