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rs but not after living relatives sephardi jews in contrast often name their children after the children s grandparents even if those grandparents are still living a notable exception to this generally reliable rule is among dutch jews where ashkenazim for centuries used the naming conventions otherwise attributed exclusively to sephardim such as chuts ashkenazi tefillin bear some differences from sephardic tefillin in the traditional ashkenazic rite the tefillin are wound towards the body not away from it ashkenazim traditionally don tefillin while standing whereas other jews generally do so while sitting down ashkenazic traditional pronunciations of hebrew differ from those of other groups the most prominent consonantal difference from sephardic and mizrahic hebrew dialects is the pronunciation of the hebrew letter tav in certain hebrew words historically in postvocalic undoubled context as an s and not a t or θ sound further information ashkenazi hebrew the prayer shawl or tallit tallis in ashkenazi hebrew is worn by all ashkenazi men after marriage except western european ashkenazi men who wear it from bar mitzvah in sephardi or mizrahi judaism the prayer shawl is commonly worn from early childhood 163 better source needed ashkenazic liturgy the term ashkenazi also refers to the nusach ashkenaz the liturgical tradition used by ashkenazi jews in their siddur prayer book a nusach is defined by a liturgical tradition s choice of prayers the order of prayers the text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers citation needed two other major forms of nusach among ashkenazic jews are nusach sefard not to be confused with the sephardic ritual which is the general polish hasidic nusach and nusach ari used by those in chabad 164 population by country country jewish population ashkenazim references united states 6 300 000 7 500 000 5 700 000 6 750 000 3 165 166 israel c 7 300 000 7 455 200 3 200 000 3 750 000 d 3 167 168 canada 400 000 450 000 350 000 3 169 170 171 united kingdom 312 000 330 000 273 000 172 173 174 175 176 177 france 438 500 550 000 180 000 240 000 3 178 argentina 171 000 240 000 147 000 172 173 179 germany 118 000 125 000 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 172 173 180 australia 117 200 130 000 93 000 115 000 172 173 181 russia 132 000 290 000 82 644 121 000 e 172 173 182 183 hungary 46 500 100 000 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 184 185 south africa 51 000 75 000 70 000 172 186 brazil 91 000 180 000 46 000 75 000 187 173 188 189 ukraine 40 000 190 000 44 550 190 191 192 belarus 13 700 60 000 193 194 mexico 40 000 65 000 34 000 195 196 197 netherlands 29 700 63 000 29 200 44 100 198 199 200 belgium 28 800 45 000 22 500 25 400 f 198 201 sweden 15 000 25 000 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 202 moldova 2 310 20 000 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 203 204 chile 15 800 28 000 14 300 187 205 197 uruguay 16 300 28 000 13 500 187 206 197 italy 27 000 48 000 10 500 g citation needed 198 poland 10 000 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 208 new zealand 7 500 12 000 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 209 210 romania 8 700 20 500 8 900 190 211 austria 10 300 22 000 7 210 8 400 198 212 213 latvia 4 500 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 214 azerbaijan 6 900 17 500 4 300 215 216 czech republic 3 500 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 217 colombia 2 000 4 500 2 000 3 500 187 218 197 219 ireland 2 700 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 220 slovakia 2 600 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 221 lithuania 2 400 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 222 estonia 1 939 sources state that the majority of jews in the country are askenazim but do not provide a specific figure 223 genetics main article genetic studies on jews this section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings please discuss this issue on the article s talk page march 2026 genetic origins a pca plot of samples from ashkenazi and other jewish populations as well as hgdp s middle eastern and european populations 5 efforts to identify the origins of ashkenazi jews through dna analysis began in the 1990s like most dna studies of human migration patterns the earliest studies on ashkenazi jews focused on the paternal y dna and maternal mtdna segments of the human genome both segments are unaffected by recombination except for the ends of the y chromosome the pseudoautosomal regions known as par1 and par2 thus allowing tracing of direct maternal and paternal lineages more recently genome wide association studies have also been used for autosomal genetic origin testing these studies revealed that ashkenazi jews originate from an ancient 2000 700 bce population of the middle east who spread to europe 224 ashkenazic jews display the homogeneity of a genetic bottleneck meaning they descend from a larger population whose numbers were greatly reduced but recovered through a few founding individuals although the jewish people in general were present across a wide geographical area genetic research by gil atzmon of the longevity genes project at albert einstein college of medicine suggests that ashkenazim branched off from other jews around the time of the destruction of the first temple 2 500 years ago and that they flourished during the roman empire but then went through a severe bottleneck as they dispersed reducing a population of several million to just 400 families who left northern italy around the year 1000 for central and eventually eastern europe 225 studies indicate that ashkenazim have both levantine and european mainly southern and eastern ancestry these studies draw diverging conclusions about the degree and sources of european admixture with some focusing on the european genetic origin in some ashkenazi maternal lineages and others focusing on the predominantly middle eastern genetic origin in paternal lineages 226 227 228 5 229 conversely a 2025 statistical review found that most ashkenazi jews descend maternally from about 150 near eastern families with existing but minimal outside genetic input supporting a unified near eastern origin for paternal lineages as well as mostly for maternal lineages highlighting that results reinforce the genetic evidence of a unified founding population and strongly favor a straightforward model consisting of a near eastern origin for both maternal and paternal founding lineages the hypothesis that the ashkenazi founder population consisted of levantine males and european females is found to be implausible 230 research in 2010 revealed a genetic common ancestry of all jewish populations 231 collectively ashkenazi jews are less genetically diverse than other jewish ethnic divisions due to their genetic bottleneck 232 male lineages y chromosomal dna most genetic studies of ashkenazi jews conclude that the male lines were from the middle east 233 234 235 a 2000 study by hammer and co authors found that the y chromosome of ashkenazi and sephardic jews contained mutations that are also common among middle eastern peoples but uncommon among indigenous europeans 234 this suggests that ashkenazim male ancestors are mostly from the middle east ashkenazim had less than 0 5 male genetic admixture per generation over an estimated 80 generations with relatively minor contribution of european y chromosomes to the ashkenazim and the total admixture estimate very similar to motulsky s average estimate of 12 5 this supported the finding that diaspora jews from europe northwest africa and the near east resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non jewish neighbors past research found that 50 80 of dna from the ashkenazi y chromosome which is used to trace the male lineage originated in the near east richards said a 2001 study by nebel and co authors showed that ashkenazi and sephardic jews share overall near eastern paternal ancestries in comparison with data available from other relevant populations in the region jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the fertile crescent the study also found eu 19 r1a chromosomes had elevated frequency among ashkenazi jews 13 and they are very frequent in central and eastern europeans 54 60 they hypothesized that the differences among ashkenazim could reflect low level gene flow from surrounding european populations or genetic drift during isolation 236 a 2005 study by nebel et al found a similar level of 11 5 of male ashkenazim belonging to r1a1a m17 the dominant y chromosome haplogroup in central and eastern europeans 237 however a 2017 study of ashkenazi levites where the proportion reaches 50 found a rich variation of haplogroup r1a outside of europe which is phylogenetically separate from the typically european r1a branches and concludes that the particular r1a y2619 sub clade is evidence for a local origin and that this validates the middle eastern origin of the ashkenazi levite lineage which had previously been concluded based on a few samples 238 female lineages mitochondrial dna a 2006 study by behar and co authors of 1 000 units of haplogroup k mtdna suggested that about 40 of today s ashkenazim descend from just four women who were likely from a hebrew levantine mtdna pool originating in the middle east in the 1st and 2nd centuries ce 227 the rest of ashkenazi mtdna reportedly originated from about 150 women most of whom were also likely of middle eastern origin 227 specifically although haplogroup k is common throughout western eurasia its global distribution makes it very unlikely that the four aforementioned founder lineages entered the ashkenazi mtdna pool via gene flow from a european host population a 2013 study led by martin b richards of all 16 600 dna units of mtdna found that the four main female ashkenazi founders had descent lines that were established in europe 10 000 to 20 000 years in the past 239 primarily of italian and old french origins 240 the study estimated that more than 80 of ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to primarily western europe and 8 from the near east with the remainder undetermined 241 239 the study states the results point to a significant role for the conversion of women in the formation of ashkenazi communities 241 242 243 244 245 karl skorecki conversely argued that while it re opened the question of the maternal origins of ashkenazi jewry the phylogenetic analysis in the manuscript does not settle the question 246 a 2014 study by fernández and co authors found that ashkenazi jews display a frequency of haplogroup k in their maternal dna suggesting an ancient near eastern matrilineal origin similar to the results of the behar study in 2006 fernández noted that this observation clearly contradicts the results of the 2013 study led by richards that suggested a european source for 3 exclusively ashkenazi k lineages 228 in his 2022 book the maternal genetic lineages of ashkenazic jews kevin brook found that the majority of ashkenazi jewish mitochondrial dna lineages of european origin show no specific ties to italy contradicting hypotheses that all or most of these lineages originated from central or northern italian women who converted to judaism brook concluded that 30 40 of ashkenazi maternal genome has roots in the middle east this estimate excluded haplogroup k1a1b1a whose origins had not been attributed to a specific location consequently if this lineage were included among those of middle eastern origin the percentage of ashkenazi matrilines traceable to that region would rise to approximately 50 60 247 a 2025 study by joseph livni and karl skorecki examined mitochondrial dna mtdna in the ashkenazi jewish population and found that the maternal ancestry of most ashkenazi jews traces back to a small founding group of around 150 women 230 the study introduced a method to distinguish between founder and absorbed mtdna lineages revealing that fewer than 15 of present day ashkenazi jews carry absorbed mtdna from outside populations absorbed lineages typically appeared as singletons while founder lineages occurred multiple times these findings contradict earlier theories suggesting a mixed origin specifically near eastern male and european female founders and instead support a unified origin for both maternal and paternal lineages in the near east this conclusion is consistent with prior y chromosome evidence indicating a near eastern paternal origin 230 association and linkage studies autosomal dna in genetic epidemiology a genome wide association study is an examination of most or all of the genome to determine the extent of genetic variation between individuals 248 autosomal dna studies are used to estimate genetic similarity and trace the admixture history of populations note however that the modern population of southern europe often used as the european reference population in such studies itself contains substantial ancient middle eastern ancestry while present day populations of the levant exhibit considerable recent sub saharan african ancestry leading to an underestimation of the levantine component of the ashkenazi jewish genome 249 250 estimated ancestry proportions study tool method middle eastern european lerga jaso et al 2025 251 orchestra lai 23 8 16 6 levantine 7 2 ict 72 1 68 italian h 2 4 greek 1 7 eastern europe waldman et al 2022 252 qpadm 19 81 65 southern italian 16 eastern europe 43 57 37 north italian 20 eastern europe 32 68 51 greek 17 eastern europe agranat tamir et al 2020 253 linadmix phcp 59 mlba levant and chalcolithic iran 41 late neolithic and bronze age europe xue et al 2017 5 globetrotter 30 levantine 70 55 southern eu 10 eastern eu 5 western eu rfmix lai 47 mostly levantine 53 a 2006 study by seldin and co authors used over 5 000 autosomal snps to demonstrate european genetic substructure the results showed a consistent and reproducible distinction between northern and southern european population groups most northern central and eastern europeans finns swedes english irish germans and ukrainians showed 90 while most southern europeans italians greeks portuguese spaniards showed 85 both ashkenazi and sephardic jews showed 85 membership in the southern group referring to the jews clustering...