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current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 asian carp and related fish toggle asian carp and related fish subsection 1 1 other cyprinoidei fish farmed in china 2 characteristics toggle characteristics subsection 2 1 jumping of silver carp 3 recreational fishing 4 as food toggle as food subsection 4 1 pet food 5 as ornamental fish 6 introduction to north america toggle introduction to north america subsection 6 1 environmental impact 6 2 history 6 3 distribution 7 management in the us toggle management in the us subsection 7 1 field actions 7 2 branding 7 3 legislation 8 see also 9 notes 10 references 11 external links toggle the table of contents asian carp 5 languages français македонски ไทย tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide checked from wikipedia the free encyclopedia page version status this is an accepted version of this page this is the latest accepted revision reviewed on 1 october 2026 common name for several species of fish asian carp is a term that groups together several species of carp native to eurasia commonly referring to the four east asian species silver carp bighead carp grass carp or white amur and black carp or black amur note 1 which were introduced to north america during the 1970s and are now regarded as invasive in the united states the four species now also known commercially as copi in the united states are staple food fish in their native china where they are collectively known as qing cao lian yong 青草鲢鳙 or four great domestic fish 四大家鱼 note 2 and are farmed extensively asian carp and related fish edit hypophthalmichthys molitrix silver carp silverfin lian h nobilis bighead carp yong ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp white amur cao mylopharyngodon piceus black carp black amur qing silver carp bighead carp white amur black amur other cyprinoidei fish farmed in china edit common carp amur carp and crucian carp are also common food fishes in china and elsewhere goldfish though are cultivated mainly as pet fish cyprinus carpio common carp c rubrofuscus amur carp carassius auratus goldfish c carasius crucian carp crucian cirrhinus molitorella dace mud carp megalobrama amblycephala blunt snout bream wuchang bream characteristics edit a bighead silver carp hybrid these four fish have been cultivated in aquaculture in china for over 1 000 years bighead and silver carp are the most important fish worldwide in terms of total aquaculture production 3 asian carp are big fish 4 with black amur adults growing as big as 33 lbs 15 kg on average with the biggest one weighing 150 lbs 70 kg 5 bighead and silver carp can crossbreed and produce hybrid offspring 6 jumping of silver carp edit silver carp jumping out missouri silver carp are easily frightened by boats which cause them to leap between 2 5 3 0 metres 8 10 ft into the air and numerous boaters have been severely injured by collisions with the fish 7 according to the environmental protection agency reported injuries include cuts from fins black eyes broken bones back injuries and concussions 8 this behavior has sometimes been attributed to the very similar bighead carp but these do not normally jump when frightened 3 catching jumping carp in nets has become part of the redneck fishing tournament in bath illinois 9 recreational fishing edit a white amur caught on monofilament fishing line the grass carp ctenopharyngodon idella and black carp mylopharyngodon piceus as well as common carp cyprinus carpio are popular targets for recreational fishermen in the midwest despite their status as invasive species these species are unique because they can be caught using the traditional fishing technique of a fishing rod reel and hook 10 other invasive carp species the silver carp hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp hypophthalmichthys nobilis are not traditionally caught on rod and reel because they feed on plankton therefore they do not bite on baited hooks or lures 11 as food edit asian carp have been a popular food fish in asia for thousands of years in north america various asian carp species are often lumped with the common carp and considered undesirable trash fish because common carp is unpopular as food in this region 12 furthermore even the common carp which was introduced to north america from europe in the 17th century is important food fish outside north america the pearly white flesh though complicated by intermuscular bones has a mild taste 13 the filter feeding silver and bighead carp have much lower heavy metal contamination such as mercury than most other fish because they are algivorous primary consumers that do not eat other aquatic invertebrates or fishes and therefore are the least impacted by biomagnification the hangzhou dish west lake fish in vinegar gravy traditionally made with white amur is controversial for its flavor 14 duo jiao yu tou 剁椒鱼头 steamed bighead carp served with noodles hunan cuisine steamed white amur 蒸鯇魚 front in a hong kong restaurant ciba yu 糍粑鱼 pan fried marinated white amur hubei cuisine copi is available in restaurants in illinois arizona and washington dc in 7 fish markets in illinois and tennessee and through 7 fish distributors in illinois michigan new york ohio maryland and wisconsin 15 pet food edit there are companies making pet food using silver carp in the us 16 17 and canada 18 as ornamental fish edit yuquan 玉泉 one of the well known scenic spots in hangzhou features a large fish pond teeming with hundreds of fish in various colors as of 2022 many of the fish there are black amur with additional bighead carp nishikigoi sharpbelly and white amur 19 a three character inscription yu le guo 鱼乐国 meaning fish s paradise is set above one end of the pond in the calligraphy of a famous gentry scholar of the late ming dynasty named dong qichang 董其昌 introduction to north america edit main article asian carp in north america environmental impact edit some species of asian carp cause harm when they are introduced to new environments especially when free from the risk of predation and allowed to propagate rapidly the black carp feeds on native mussels and snails some of which are already endangered grass carp can alter the food webs of a new environment by altering the communities of plants invertebrates and fish silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels 20 bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water their escape and settlement throughout the mississippi and its connecting waterways have raised great concern about the health of historic biodiversity with their extremely high abundance placing greater pressure on competition for food and space 21 22 due to their filter feeding habits as well their populations are made more difficult to capture and control as conventional angling methods are less effective the disruption these species impose on food web dynamics has also cascaded into economic losses for regional industries hurting businesses reliant on local biodiversity and habitat health both recreational and commercial fishermen have been forced out of typical fisheries due to carp disruption all the while tourism and boating are impacted by declining environmental health and safety concerns from leaping silver carp 21 22 23 history edit in the late 19th century the common carp was widely distributed throughout the united states by the united states fish commission as a food fish 24 in the 1970s fish farmers in mostly southern states began importing asian carp from china to help clean their commercial ponds consuming unwanted biomass to regulate overgrowth and parasitic establishment 21 25 26 however escaping these aquaculture facilities carp have overtaken surrounding waterways distributing via sanitation canals commercial passages and by flooding into untouched waters 23 the rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the mississippi river basin 1 because of their prominence and the fact that they were introduced to the united states much later than other asian carp species the term asian carp is often used to refer specifically to grass black silver and bighead carp in the u s asian carp are considered to be invasive species of the carp species introduced to the united states only two crucian and black carp are not known to be firmly established crucian carp is probably extirpated 27 since 2003 however several adults fertile black carp have been captured from the atchafalaya and other rivers connected to the mississippi river 28 dr leo nico in the book black carp biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish reports that black carp are probably established in the united states in south florida the local water management district stocks the canals with sterilized grass carp to control the hydrilla plant which tends to clog the locks and drainage valves that regulate water flow from the everglades distribution edit bighead silver and grass carp are known to be well established in the mississippi river basin including tributaries where they at times reach extremely high numbers especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp bighead silver and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from louisiana to south dakota minnesota and ohio grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed in texas and may be established elsewhere asian carp shedd aquarium chicago grass carp have been captured in all of the great lakes except lake superior but so far no evidence indicates a reproducing population no silver carp or black carp have yet been found in any of the great lakes common carp are abundant throughout the great lakes a few bighead and grass carp have been captured in canada s portions of the great lakes but no asian carp other than common carp is known to be established in canada at this time concerns exist that the silver carp may spread into cypress hills in alberta and saskatchewan through battle creek the frenchman river and other rivers flowing south out of the hills into the milk river ontario does not have asian carp yet and has used the provincial invasive species act 29 to prohibit their import 30 in mexico grass carp have been established for many years in at least two river systems where they are considered invasive but no other asian carp are known to have been introduced management in the us edit field actions edit a bighead carp held by a u s geological survey researcher these fish are thought to be highly detrimental to the environment in parts of the united states 31 because of these concerns the u s fish and wildlife service convened stakeholders to develop a national plan for the management and control of invasive asian carp referring to bighead silver black and grass carp 32 the plan was accepted by the national aquatic nuisance species task force in the fall of 2007 as of 2016 efforts were underway to reintroduce alligator gar between tennessee and illinois as part of a program to control asian carp 33 in 2019 kentucky declared war on carp and started to use electrofishing and sonic devices to remove 5 million pounds of asian carp from lake barkley and kentucky lake 34 electrofishing has become an extensive technique for managing asian carp populations throughout the midwest s river systems it involves using electric waves to stun non lethally invasive fish at the water s surface where fishermen can then corral them into a net and remove them from the ecosystem electrofishing is also safe for the native species of fish that cohabit the waters where it is implemented because they avoid the electrofishing boats by diving deeper into the water column where as the carp jump near the surface getting stunned in the process 35 conclusive results have shown that electrofishing is an effective and efficient method for managing the asian carp invasion in midwestern waterways a typical electrofishing boat can shock 100 carp per minute of fishing using 110 500 volts the fish captured are then humanely killed and used as food or fertilizer for crops 36 however the technique has sparked questions about potential negative impacts that it may have on the rivers ecosystems if electrofishing boats go over spawning grounds for native fish it could potentially cause harm to fish embryos 37 branding edit in june 2022 38 the illinois department of natural resources announced a campaign to rebrand asian carp as copi which is a clipping of copious referring to the large amount of the fish in the us 39 this branding work was completed in 2022 by span the copi renaming is a part of a federal and state initiative to get the public to eat the invasive fish 40 decrease its numbers in midwestern waterways 41 and prevent its introduction to the great lakes 42 the united states environmental protection agency epa s great lakes restoration initiative glri 43 is funding the copi rebrand of asian carp 42 the success of the copi rebrand of the invasive fish will be measured by pounds removed removal was projected to total six million pounds at the launch of the copi rebrand and increase to 12 million pounds in the first year following removal at two months from launch exceeded ten million pounds and is on pace to beat year one projections 44 legislation edit a jumping silver carp one of the first actions in response to decades of carp entrenchment was the passage of the water resources and development act of 2007 which mandated a survey of the impacts and prevention of various nuisance species 45 this policy declared the great lakes and mississippi river interbasin survey glmris would be overseen by the secretary of the army and u s army corps of civil engineers usace to form initial insight to the risk of invasive organisms throughout regional waters 45 46 the foundational understanding gleamed by the survey was further expanded in the stop asian carp act of 2011 requiring the secretary of the army to study the feasibility of the hydrological separation within the great lakes and mississippi river basins 47 30 days were provided per the act for the secretary of the army to begin a study researching techniques to inhibit carp spread by flooding wastewater and storm water infrastructure waterway safety operations and barge and recreational traffic in 2012 the u s senate and house introduced new bills expediting some items of the stop asian carp act of 2011 aimed at enhancing resistance to asian car...