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father of roman emperor theodosius i in 368 the exact origins of the attacotti and the extent of their territory are uncertain although historians usually place them in either scotland or ireland 1 2 3 in about 400 roman units recruited among the attacotti were recorded in the notitia dignitatum and one tombstone of a soldier identified as such is known their existence as a distinct people is given additional credence by two incidental claims that they practised cannibalism and polyandry taking multiple husbands in the writings of saint jerome ammianus roman britain in 364 369 edit a page from a medieval copy of the notitia dignitatum saint jerome in his study by domenico ghirlandaio the historian ammianus provides an account 4 of the tumultuous situation in britain between 364 and 369 and he describes a corrupt and treasonous administration native british troops the areani in collaboration with the barbarians and a roman military whose troops had deserted and joined in the general banditry the situation arose as a consequence of the failed imperial power grab 350 353 by magnentius 303 353 followed by a bloody and arbitrary purge conducted by paulus catena in an attempt to root out potential sympathisers of magnentius in britain and aggravated by the political machinations of the roman administrator valentinus ammianus describes the marauders as bands moving from place to place in search of loot nevertheless one roman commander was killed in a pitched battle and another was taken prisoner in an ambush and killed see great conspiracy as there was no longer an effective military force in the province a substantial one was sent from gaul under count theodosius who quickly and ruthlessly restored order theodosius then focused his efforts on the repair of political problems within the province notitia dignitatum roman auxilia palatina edit the notitia dignitatum is a list of offices of the early 5th century roman empire and includes the locations of the offices and the staff including military units assigned to them the names of several auxilia palatina resemble that of the attacotti who were mentioned by ammianus and in an 1876 publication historian otto seeck assigned the name atecotti to various spellings acecotti atecocti attecotti attcoetti illegible ti and arecotti in the notitia dignitatum and documented his assignments within the publication 5 this produced four conjectural occurrences of atecotti related units atecotti atecotti juniores gallicani atecotti honoriani seniores atecotti honoriani juniores the discovery of a contemporary funerary dedication to a soldier of the unit of atecutti emended from ategutti at thessalonica in the roman diocese of illyricum supports this reconstruction 6 7 as the notitia dignitatum places one atecotti unit in that diocese saint jerome incidental references edit st jerome was a christian apologist whose writings contain two incidental references to the attacotti his account is particularly noteworthy because he was in roman gaul c 365 369 70 while the attacotti were known to be in britain until 368 and may have entered roman military service soon after thus it is credible that jerome had seen attacotti soldiers and had heard roman accounts of the recent fighting in britain 8 9 in his letter lxix to oceanus he is urging a responsible attitude towards marriage at one point saying that one should not be like the scots i e the irish scoti and the atacotti and the people of plato s republic to have community of wives and no discrimination of children nay more to be aware of any semblance even of matrimony 10 in his treatise against jovinianus he describes the dietary habits of several peoples and includes a statement that he had heard that the attacotti ate human flesh 11 earlier in the same passage he describes a different people as eating fat white worms with blackish heads and others as eating land crocodiles and green lizards ancient writers sometimes ascribed exotic habits to far away peoples in their works strabo for example said in passing that some sarmatians and scythians were cannibals while others ate no meat at all 12 de situ britanniae a spurious reference edit a part of the spurious de situ britanniae de situ britanniae was a fictitious account 13 14 of the peoples and places of roman britain it was published in 1757 after having been made available in london in 1749 accepted as genuine for more than one hundred years it was virtually the only source of information for northern britain i e modern scotland for the time period and some historians eagerly incorporated its spurious information into their own accounts of history the attacotti were mentioned in de situ britanniae and their homeland was specified as just north of the firth of clyde near southern loch lomond in the region of dunbartonshire 15 16 this information was combined with legitimate historical mentions of the attacotti to produce inaccurate histories and to make baseless conjectures for example edward gibbon combined de situ britanniae with st jerome s description of the attacotti by musing on the possibility that a race of cannibals had once dwelt in the neighbourhood of glasgow 17 archaeological evidence edit the greenloaning stone in the scottish stirling smith museum and art gallery contains an inscription possibly connected to the attacotti the inscription was originally dismissed as a fake before being re dated to the 1st or 2nd century ad and deciphered as v atiqatti donati this may refer to the name of a roman officer who took his name from the attacotti suggesting a family connection 18 possible irish connection edit charles o conor s 1783 representation of the original irish form of athech tuatha used when he connected them to the british attacotti 19 john o donovan s 1844 representation of the original irish which he translated as attacottic district or territorium attacotticum 20 perhaps as early as the 17th century and certainly in the 18th and 19th centuries some irish scholars charles o conor and john o donovan for example had suggested that the origin of the attacotti might lie in ireland this was based on the perceived similarity between latin attacotti and the old irish term aithechthúatha a generic designation for certain irish population groups usually translated rent paying tribes vassal communities or tributary peoples in the context of well attested irish raids on the western coast of britain in the late roman period it was suggested that one or more of these population groups might be the raiders reported by ammianus in the 360s the thesis was given impetus when historian charles o conor promoted it in the late 18th century however this remained controversial among scholars into the late 19th century later scholarship has criticised the possible connection between latin attacotti and aithechthúatha on etymological grounds 21 22 early scholars had based their arguments on the old irish that was known from medieval manuscripts rather than on the largely hypothetical primitive irish used in the 4th century when the attacotti were in britain knowledge and understanding of the history of the irish language were revolutionised from the end of the 19th century largely owing to the efforts of rudolf thurneysen 1857 1940 he hypothesised that attacotti and aithechthúatha are unconnected and that the primitive irish equivalent to aithechthúatha would be ateûiācotōtās this in his opinion is too far removed from the latin form attacotti in ammianus 23 more recent research has shown that some of the irish population groups involved in the raiding and settlement of roman and or sub roman britain could be classified as aithechthúatha 24 however problems of chronology and identification persist see also edit cannibalism in europe references edit macritchie 1884 morris 1973 pp 190 191 rance 2001 yonge 1894 413 453 455 483 485 ammianus 26 4 5 trans ammianus 27 8 trans ammianus 28 3 trans seeck 1876 28 29 118 136 notitia dignitatum feissel 1983 173 4 no 205 rance 2001 247 8 freeman 2001 99 100 rance 2001 245 6 schaff wace 1893 143 jer ep 69 3 ad oceanum trans schaffwace 1893 393 94 jer adv jovin 2 7 trans why should i speak of other nations when i myself a youth on a visit to gaul heard that the atticoti a british tribe eat human flesh and that although they find herds of swine and droves of large or small cattle in the woods it is their custom to cut off the buttocks of the shepherds and the breasts of their women and to regard them as the greatest delicacies strabo 1892 c ad 20 bk vii chap iii para 8 in hamilton h c falconer m a eds the geography of strabo vol i london george bell sons p 464 sylvanus urban oct 1846 mr wex s dissertation on richard of cirencester the gentleman s magazine new vol xxvi london john bowyer nichols and son published 1846 pp 365 369 wex debunked the authenticity of de situ britanniae by showing for example that it contained manuscript material introduced in the 15th century and so could not have been written in the 14th century as the document s actual author had alleged mayor john e b ed 1869 editions of ricardi corinensis de situ britanniae speculum historiale de gestis regum angliae vol ii london longmans green and co pp xvii clxiv mayor was researching the historical richard of cirencester who was falsely alleged to have written de situ britanniae and wrote this detailed condemnation of the fraud bertram 1809 59 60 english bertram 1809 44 latin gibbon edward 1788 the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire vol iv new ed london a strahan and t cadell published 1838 p 283 if in the neighbourhood of the commercial and literary town of glasgow a race of cannibals has really existed kilpatrick kelly 2025 the oxford librarian and the inscribed stones from burghead greenloaning and old kilmadock in kilpatrick kelly ed common ground in scottish archaeology contributions in honour of anna ritchie edinburgh the scottish society of northern studies p 195 isbn 978 1 0369 3412 5 o conor charles 1783 second letter to colonel vallancey on the heathen state and antient topography of ireland collectanea de rebus hibernicis by charles vallancey vol iii dublin luke white published 1786 p 668 o donovan john ed 1844 the genealogies tribes and customs of hy fiachrach commonly called o dowda s country dublin the irish archaeological society p 157 in the footnotes macneill eoin 1919 phases of irish history dublin m h gill son ltd pp 148 149 downham clare 2018 medieval ireland cambridge cambridge university press p 12 isbn 978 1 107 03131 9 thurneysen rudolf 1917 morands fürstenspiegel zeitschrift für celtische philologie 11 56 106 doi 10 1515 zcph 1917 11 1 56 at p 71 rance 2001 bibliography edit bertram charles 1809 1757 hatcher henry ed the description of britain translated from richard of cirencester london j white and co feissel denis 1983 recueil des inscriptions chrétiennes de macédoine du iiie au vie siècle paris de boccard oclc 214631387 freeman philip 2001 ireland and the classical world austin university of texas press freeman philip 2002 who were the atecotti j f nagy ed identifying the celtic celtic studies association of north america yearbook 2 dublin 2002 111 114 macneill eoin early irish population groups their nomenclature classification and chronology in proceedings of the royal irish academy 29 1911 1912 pp 59 114 jstor 25502794 macritchie david 1884 ancient and modern britons a retrospect vol i london kegan paul trench company pp 104 105 morris john 1973 the age of arthur a history of the british isles from 350 to 650 london weidenfeld and nicolson isbn 978 0 684 13313 3 rance philip 2001 attacotti deisi and magnus maximus the case for irish federates in late roman britain britannia 32 243 270 doi 10 2307 526958 jstor 526958 s2cid 162836712 scharf ralf 1995 aufrüstung und truppenbenennung unter stilicho das beispiel der atecotti truppen in german tyche 10 161 178 doi 10 15661 tyche 1995 010 12 schaff philip wace henry eds 1893 st jerome letters and select works 2nd vol 6 new york the christian literature company retrieved 2008 04 03 seeck otto ed 1876 notitia dignitatum accedunt notitia urbis constantinopolitanae et laterculi prouinciarum berolini yonge c d ed 1894 the roman history of ammianus marcellinus london george bell sons v t e dalcassians kindreds and septs déisi tuisceart uí bloid ahearn o boland coombe o cosgrave eustace macglynn o kearney o lonergan macarthur macconsidine macgrath maclysaght macmahon o muldowney o brennan o brien o casey o crotty o hogan o hurley o kelleher o kennedy o meara o noonan o reagan power o quirke o scanlan o twomey uí caisin macclancy macdurkin o flattery flood harley o hartigan o hickey hogg o killeen macnamara macinerney o neilan o hay hayes o grady stoney torrens o tubridy cineal fearmaic o quilty macbrody o dea o heffernan o quinn perkin delbhna faherty macconroy heney flannagan fenelon mulholland logue scully personalities fedlimid rechtmar fiacha suidhe declán of ardmore lugaid mend conall of the swift steeds íte of killeedy mainchín of limerick mo lua of killaloe flannán mac toirrdelbaig cennétig mac lorcáin mathgamain mac cennétig brian bóruma cuiduligh mac cennétig echthighern mac cennétig tadc mac briain donnchad mac briain toirdelbach ua briain muirchertach ua briain domnall mac taidc uí briain literature the expulsion of the déisi cogad gáedel re gallaib places ballinalacken castle ballycar castle ballyhannon castle bunratty castle castlebawn craggaunowen castle doonagore castle dromoland castle knappogue castle leamaneh castle o dea castle battles belach lechta cathair cuan clontarf dysert o dea glenmama knockdoe lough raska móin mhór sulcoit athenry related articles gaels milesians heremonians cycles of the kings dal fiachrach suighe kingdom of dyfed attacotti aibell munster thomond kingdom of ormond contention of the bards munster irish related lists high kings of ireland kings of munster monarchs of déisi muman monarchs of thomond category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title attacotti oldid 1365312180 categories historical celtic peoples incidents of cannibalism mercenary units and formations of antiquity tribes of ancient britain tribes of ancient ireland hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing latin language text articles containing old irish to 900 language text articles containing primitive irish language text articles with german language sources de this page was last edited on 21 july 2026 at 16 38 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety 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