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lied powers all the axis powers nazi germany fascist italy and imperial japan had totalitarian or authoritarian governments and two of the three were replaced by governments based on democratic constitutions the allied powers were an alliance of democratic states and later the communist soviet union in western europe the initial post war era embraced pluralism and freedom of expression in areas that had been under control of authoritarian regimes the memory of fascism and nazism was denigrated the new federal republic of germany banned its expression in reaction to the centralism of the nazi state the new constitution of west germany federal republic of germany exercised separation of powers and placed law enforcement firmly in the hands of the sixteen länder or states of the republic not with the federal german government at least not at first 344 culturally there was also a strong sense of anti authoritarianism based on anti fascism in western europe this was attributed to the active resistance from occupation and to fears arising from the development of superpowers 345 anti authoritarianism also became associated with countercultural and bohemian movements such as the beat generation in the 1950s 346 the hippies in the 1960s 347 and punks in the 1970s 348 in south america argentina bolivia brazil paraguay chile and uruguay moved away from dictatorships to democracy between 1982 and 1990 349 with the fall of the berlin wall in 1989 and the soviet union in 1991 the other authoritarian totalitarian half of the allied powers of world war ii collapsed this led not so much to revolt against authority in general but to the belief that authoritarian states and state control of economies were outdated 350 the idea that liberal democracy was the final form toward which all political striving was directed 351 became very popular in western countries and was celebrated in francis fukuyama s book the end of history and the last man 351 according to charles h fairbanks jr all the new states that stumbled out of the ruins of the soviet bloc except uzbekistan and turkmenistan seemed indeed to be moving towards democracy in the early 1990s as were the countries of east central europe and the balkans 352 in december 2010 the arab spring arose in response to unrest over economic stagnation but also in opposition to oppressive authoritarian regimes first in tunisia and spreading to libya egypt yemen syria bahrain and elsewhere regimes were toppled in tunisia libya egypt and partially in yemen while other countries saw riots civil wars or insurgencies most arab spring revolutions failed to lead to enduring democratization a decade after the arab spring tunisia stood as the sole albeit fragile democratic success story while egypt reverted to authoritarian military rule and libya syria and yemen descended into catastrophic civil wars 353 354 21st century since 2005 observers noted what some have called a democratic recession 351 355 although some such as steven levitsky and lucan way have disputed that there was a significant democratic decline before 2013 355 in 2018 the freedom house declared that from 2006 to 2018 113 countries around the world showed a net decline in political rights and civil liberties while only 62 experienced a net improvement 356 its 2020 report marked the fourteenth consecutive year of declining scores 357 by 2020 all countries marked as not free by freedom house had also developed practices of transnational repression aiming to police and control dissent beyond state borders 358 international trends in democracy authoritarianism countries becoming more democratic countries becoming more authoritarian late 1990s 72 3 2021 15 33 source v dem 359 360 writing in 2018 american political journalist david frum stated the hopeful world of the very late 20th century the world of nafta and an expanding nato of the world wide web 1 0 and liberal interventionism of the global spread of democracy under leaders such as václav havel and nelson mandela now looks battered and delusive 361 michael ignatieff wrote that fukuyama s idea of liberalism vanquishing authoritarianism now looks like a quaint artifact of a vanished unipolar moment 351 and fukuyama himself expressed concern 350 by 2018 only one arab spring uprising that in tunisia resulted in a transition to constitutional democratic governance 362 and a resurgence of authoritarianism and islamic extremism in the region 363 was dubbed the arab winter 364 365 366 367 various explanations have been offered for the new spread of authoritarianism they include the downside of globalization and the subsequent rise of populism and neo nationalism 368 and the success of the beijing consensus i e the authoritarian model of the people s republic of china 369 in countries such as the united states factors blamed for the growth of authoritarianism include the 2008 financial crisis and slower real wage growth 370 better source needed as well as social media s elimination of so called gatekeepers of knowledge the equivalent of disintermediation in economics so that a large fraction of the population considers to be opinion what were once viewed as verifiable facts including everything from the danger of global warming to the preventing the spread of disease through vaccination and considers to be fact what are actually only unproven fringe opinions 371 in united states politics white supremacist groups such as the ku klux klan neo nazi skinheads and adherents of the christian identity ideology have long operated as a loose network in the internet age far right extremists throughout the u s and much of the west have consolidated further into a movement known as the alt right which has inspired numerous terrorist attacks while at the same time increasing the mainstream appeal of white supremacism 372 according to azani et al 372 the current resurgence of far right ideology may be explained by a variety of factors primarily the strategic adjustment of white supremacists to soften overtly racist rhetoric in order to appeal to a wider audience this new discourse attempts to normalize white supremacy developing intellectual and theoretical foundations for racism based on the notion that the white race is at risk of eradication threatened by the growing population of immigrants and people of colour the pre existing offensive white supremacist fascist and neo nazi ideas that drove the white power movement of the twentieth century were thus rebranded through a new innocuous defensive frame of white victimhood as such the new strategy of racist rhetoric has allowed the movement to co opt mainstream political debates surrounding immigration and globalization drawing large audiences through a deliberate obfuscation of the underlying ideology far right extremism has played a key role in promoting the great replacement and white genocide conspiracy theories and an acceleration of racial conflict through violent means such as assassinations murders terrorist attacks and societal collapse in order to achieve the building of a white ethnostate 372 while many contemporary extreme far right groups eschew the hierarchical structure of other authoritarian political organizations they often explicitly promote cultural authoritarianism alongside xenophobia racism antisemitism homophobia and misogyny as well as authoritarian government interventions against perceived societal problems 372 contemporary there is no one consensus definition of authoritarianism but several annual measurements are attempted states characterized as authoritarian are typically not rated as democracies by the economist democracy index or as free by freedom house s freedom in the world index and do not reach a high score on v dem democracy indices united states part of a series on authoritarianism during the trump presidencies part of the third wave of autocratization concepts and strategy trumpism fascism democratic backsliding unitary executive theory american nationalism america first autocratic legalism radical right neo nationalism right wing populism white identity politics illiberal democracy oligarchy broligarchy authoritarianism right wing agendas agenda 47 anti dei firehose of falsehood flood the zone heritage project 2025 project esther icc sanctions targeting of press conflict with news media attacks on journalists ap v budowich pentagon press pass forfeiture hannah natanson fbi raid suspension of television programs jimmy kimmel live inside cecot public broadcasting conflicts with wikipedia targeting of transgender people persecution gender affirming care under 19 military service keeping men out of women s sports adult human female targeting of civil society political opponents and civil society censorship lawyers and law firms nspm 7 weaponization working group reprisals against charlie kirk critics academia and science columbia harvard targeting of government individuals jerome powell erika mcentarfer hannah dugan alex padilla russian interference counter investigation doj resignations doi cdc revocation of visas for mexican politicians targeting of elections election denialism third term election subversion attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election fake electors plot lawsuits january 6 united states capitol attack jeffrey clark letter louisiana v callais republican party election disruption 2025 2026 united states redistricting immigration enforcement policy detention of u s citizens torture shootings portland killings silverio gonzález geraldo campos nurul alam lorenzo araujo johan guerrero raids and arrests list of operations 2025 safeguard midway blitz metro surge 2026 salvo locations new york city military actions domestic military deployments george floyd protests second trump administration dc crime emergency newsom v trump expansionism annexation threats canada greenland activism and intervention activists killed renée good alex pretti non citizen activists and critics targeted mahmoud khalil rümeysa öztürk mohsen mahdawi leqaa kordia alfredo juarez zeferino mohsen mahdawi sami hamdi antifa protests timeline no kings portland 2025 delaney hall oversight incident june los angeles ice detention center shooting october no kings 2026 march no kings delaney hall hunger strike and protests related articles corruption de trumpification legality imperial boomerang books end times fascism the nerd reich united states portal 2010s portal 2020s portal v t e beginning in october 2025 the new york times editorial board created an autocracy index showing erosion of us democracy using various benchmarks offering a way to understand how much mr trump is eroding american democracy since his january 2025 inauguration 373 according to an april 2025 survey known as bright line watch of more than 500 u s based political scientists the vast majority think the united states is moving from liberal democracy to a form of authoritarianism 374 375 these paragraphs are an excerpt from targeting of political opponents and civil society under the second trump administration edit during donald trump s second presidency the trump administration took a series of actions using the government to target his political opponents and civil society news outlets described his actions as part of his promised retribution and revenge campaign within the context of a strongly personalist and leader centered conception of politics 376 377 378 379 during his 2024 presidential campaign trump repeatedly stated that he had every right to go after his political opponents 380 he undertook a massive expansion of presidential power under a maximalist interpretation of the unitary executive theory 381 several of his actions ignored or violated federal laws regulations and the constitution according to american legal scholars 382 383 384 the government accountability office 385 and federal judges 386 387 388 he threatened signed executive actions against and ordered investigations into his political opponents critics and organizations aligned with the democratic party 389 he politicized the civil service 381 undertaking mass layoffs of government employees to recruit workers more loyal to himself 390 he ended the post watergate norm of justice department independence weaponizing it and ordering it to target his political enemies 391 he utilized several government agencies to retaliate against his political enemies and continued filing personal lawsuits against his political opponents companies and news organizations that angered him 378 392 by july 2025 trump had extracted more than 1 2 billion in settlements in a cultural crackdown against a variety of institutions that largely chose to settle rather than fight back 393 he engaged in an unprecedented targeting of law firms and lawyers that previously represented positions adverse to himself 394 395 trump targeted higher education by demanding it give federal oversight of curriculum and targeted activists legal immigrants tourists and students with visas who expressed criticism of his policies or engaged in pro palestinian advocacy 396 he also detained and deported united states citizens 397 trump s actions against civil society have been described by legal experts and political scientists as authoritarian and contributing to democratic backsliding 398 399 400 as well as negatively impacting freedom of the press 401 402 403 free speech and the rule of law 391 404 405 406 see also absolute monarchy authoritarian capitalism authoritarian conservatism authoritarian nationalism authoritarian socialism criticism of democracy ecoauthoritarianism left wing dictatorship list of current state leaders by date of assumption of office managed democracy militarism religion and authoritarianism right wing dictatorship techno authoritarianism u s policy toward authoritarian governments notes eritrea gained de facto independence in 1991 de jure independence was achieved in 1993 references citations kalu kalu n 2019 a functional theory of government law and institutions rowman littlefield pp 161 isbn 978 1 4985 8703 7 oclc 1105988740 cerutti furio 2017 conceptualizing politics an introduction to political philosophy routledge p 17 political scientists have outlined elaborated typologies of authoritarianism from which it is not easy to draw a generally accepted definition it seems that its main features are the non acceptance of conflict and plurality as normal elements of politics the will to preserve the status quo and prevent change by keeping all political dynamics under close control by a strong central power and lastly the erosion of the rule of law the division of powers and democratic voting procedures 1 2 ezrow natasha m frantz erica 2011 dictators and dictatorships understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders bloomsbury academic p 17 isbn 978 1 4411 7396 6 1 2 3 lai brian slater dan 2006 institutions of the offensive domestic sources of dispute initiation in authoritarian regimes 1950 1992 american ...