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Text of the page (random words):
eral ways depending on its position in the word position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ع ـع ـعـ عـ pronunciation edit arabic ʿayn is one of the most common letters in arabic 5 depending on the region it ranges from a pharyngeal ʕ to an epiglottal ʢ 6 it is voiced its voiceless counterpart being ح due to its position as the innermost letter to emerge from the throat al khalil ibn ahmad al farahidi who wrote the first arabic dictionary actually started writing his kitab al ayn the book of ʿayn with ʿayn as the first letter instead of the eighteenth he viewed its origins deep down in the throat as a sign that it was the first sound the essential sound the voice and a representation of the self 7 in the persian language and other languages using the persian alphabet this letter has a different function and represents a glottal stop ʔ 8 9 or ʁ in tatar language as in hebrew the letter originally stood for two sounds ʕ and voiced uvular fricative ʁ when pointing was developed ʁ was distinguished with a dot on top غ in maltese which is written with the latin alphabet the digraph għ called għajn is used to write what was originally the same sound because the sound is difficult for many non native speakers to pronounce it is often used as a shibboleth by native arabic speakers other sounds such as ح and ض are also used it is typically represented with the numeral 3 in the arabic chat alphabet in languages such as kazakh and kyrgyz it represents ʁ southeast asian nga edit in some languages of southeast asia the letter nga is used the letter is derived from the letter ʿayn via the derived letter ghayn and it is thus written as position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ڠ ـڠ ـڠـ ڠـ this letter derived from ghayn غ is used to represent ŋ in the jawi script 10 for acehnese banjarese kerinci maguindanaon malay minangkabau tausūg ternate the pegon script for javanese sundanese arabic afrikaans for afrikaans historically called ngīn ŋiːn wolof ngōn edit in the wolofal alphabet for writing wolof in arabic script the letter ngōn is used 11 12 and it is thus written as position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ݝ ـݝ ـݝـ ݝـ this letter is also derived from the letter ʿayn via the derived letter ghayn it represents ŋ tamil nga edit position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ࢳ ـࢳ ـࢳـ ࢳـ this letter is also derived from the letter ʿayn via the derived letter ghayn with three dots inside the descender to represent ŋ in the arwi script used for tamil 13 related characters edit for the related characters see ng arabic letter and ghayn hebrew ayin edit orthographic variants various print fonts cursive hebrew solitreo rashi script serif sans serif monospaced ע ע ע hebrew spelling עַיִן phonetic representation edit ʿayin has traditionally been described by whom as a voiced pharyngeal fricative ʕ however this may be imprecise although a pharyngeal fricative has occasionally been observed for ʿayin in arabic and so may occur in hebrew as well the sound is more commonly epiglottal ʢ 6 and may also be a pharyngealized glottal stop ʔˤ in some historical sephardi and ashkenazi pronunciations ʿayin represented a velar nasal ŋ 14 remnants can be found in the yiddish pronunciations of some words such as ˈjaŋkəv and ˈmansə from hebrew יַעֲקֹב yaʿăqōḇ jacob and מַעֲשֶׂה maʿăse story but in other cases the nasal has disappeared and been replaced by j such as ˈmajsə and ˈmajrəv from hebrew מַעֲשֶׂה and מַעֲרָב maʿărāḇ west in israeli hebrew except for mizrahi pronunciations it represents a glottal stop in certain cases which but is usually silent it behaves the same as aleph however changes in adjoining vowels often testify to the former presence of a pharyngeal or epiglottal articulation additionally it may be used as a shibboleth to identify the ethnolinguistic background of a hebrew speaker as most israeli arab and some of israel s mizrahi jews mainly yemenite jews use the more traditional pronunciation while other hebrew speakers pronounce it similar to aleph ayin is also one of the three letters that can take a furtive patach patach ganuv in hebrew loanwords in greek and latin ʿayin is sometimes reflected as g since the biblical phonemes ʕ or ʿ and ʁ represented by g were both represented in hebrew writing by the letter ʿayin see ġain gomorrah is from the original ʁamora modern ʿamora and gaza from the original ʁazza ʿaza cf arabic غزة ġazzah ipa ˈɣazza in yiddish the ʿayin is used to write the vowel e when it is not part of the diphthong ey significance edit in gematria ʿayin represents the number 70 ʿayin is also one of the seven letters which receive special crowns called tagin when written in a sefer torah syriac e edit position in word isolated final medial initial glyph form help ܥ ـܥ ـܥ ـ ܥ ـ transliteration edit further information semitic romanization in semitic philology there is a long standing tradition of rendering semitic ayin with the greek rough breathing mark e g arab عَرَب arabs depending on typography this could look similar to either an articulate single opening quotation mark ʻ e g ʻarab عَرَب or as a raised semi circle open to the right ʿ e g ʿarab عَرَب note 3 this is by analogy to the transliteration of alef glottal stop hamza by the greek smooth breathing mark rendered as single closing quotation mark or as raised semi circle open to the left this convention has been adopted by din in 1982 and by iso in 1984 for arabic din 31635 iso 233 and hebrew din 31636 iso 259 the shape of the raised semi circle for ayin ʿ and alef ʾ was adopted by the encyclopedia of islam edited 1913 1938 1954 2005 and from 2007 and from there by the international journal of middle east studies 15 this convention has since also been followed by iso iso 233 2 and iso 259 2 1993 4 and by din in 1982 a notable exception remains ala lc 1991 the system used by the library of congress continues to recommend modifier letter turned comma ʻ for hebrew or left single quotation mark for arabic 16 the symbols for the corresponding phonemes in the international phonetic alphabet ʕ for voiced pharyngeal fricative ayin and ʔ for glottal stop alef were adopted in the 1928 revision in anglicized arabic or hebrew names or in loanwords ayin is often omitted entirely iraq ʿ irāq عراق arab ʿ arab عرب saudi su ʿ ūdī سعودي etc afula ʿ ăfūlā עֲפוּלָה arad ʿ ărād עֲרָד etc maltese which uses a latin alphabet the only semitic language to do so in its standard form writes the ayin as għ it is usually unvocalized in speech the somali latin alphabet and cypriot arabic alphabet represents the ayin with the letter c the informal way to represent it in arabic chat alphabet uses the digit 3 as transliteration the letter reversed ezh ƹ is based on arabic ayin 17 unicode edit see also transliteration of ancient egyptian unicode in unicode the recommended character for the transliteration of ayin is u 02bf ʿ modifier letter left half ring a character in the spacing modifier letters range even though it is here not used as a modifier letter but as a full grapheme note 4 this convention has been adopted by iso 233 2 1993 for arabic and iso 259 2 1994 for hebrew there are a number of alternative unicode characters in use some of which are easily confused or even considered equivalent in practice 18 u 1ffe greek dasia the character used to represent greek rough breathing u 02bd ʽ modifier letter reversed comma u 2018 left single quotation mark note 5 u 02bb ʻ modifier letter turned comma u 0060 grave accent from its use as single opening quotation mark in ascii environments used for ayin in arabtex letters used to represent ayin a superscript c u 1d9c ᶜ modifier letter small c the ipa symbol for pharyngealization u 02c1 ˁ modifier letter reversed glottal stop or u 02e4 ˤ modifier letter small reversed glottal stop note 6 or ʕ a superscript u 0295 ʕ latin letter pharyngeal voiced fricative the ipa symbol for voiced pharyngeal fricative the phonemes corresponding to alef and ayin in ancient egyptian are by convention transliterated by more distinctive signs egyptian alef is rendered by two semi circles open to the left stacked vertically and egyptian ayin is rendered by a single full width semi circle open to the right these characters were introduced in unicode in version 5 1 2008 latin extended d range u a723 ꜣ latin small letter egyptological alef and u a725 ꜥ latin small letter egyptological ain character encodings edit character information preview ע ﬠ ܥ ࠏ unicode name hebrew letter ayin hebrew letter alternative ayin syriac letter e samaritan letter in encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 1506 u 05e2 64288 u fb20 1829 u 0725 2063 u 080f utf 8 215 162 d7 a2 239 172 160 ef ac a0 220 165 dc a5 224 160 143 e0 a0 8f numeric character reference 1506 x5e2 64288 xfb20 1829 x725 2063 x80f character information preview ع ࣖ ݝ ݟ unicode name arabic letter ain arabic small high ain arabic letter ain with two dots above arabic letter ain with two dots vertically above encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 1593 u 0639 2262 u 08d6 1885 u 075d 1887 u 075f utf 8 216 185 d8 b9 224 163 150 e0 a3 96 221 157 dd 9d 221 159 dd 9f numeric character reference 1593 x639 2262 x8d6 1885 x75d 1887 x75f character information preview ڠ ݞ ࢳ unicode name arabic letter ain with three dots above arabic letter ain with three dots pointing downwards above arabic letter ain with three dots below arabic crown letter ain encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 1696 u 06a0 1886 u 075e 2227 u 08b3 69350 u 10ee6 utf 8 218 160 da a0 221 158 dd 9e 224 162 179 e0 a2 b3 240 144 187 166 f0 90 bb a6 utf 16 1696 06a0 1886 075e 2227 08b3 55299 57062 d803 dee6 numeric character reference 1696 x6a0 1886 x75e 2227 x8b3 69350 x10ee6 character information preview ᴥ ᵜ ꜥ ꜥ unicode name latin letter ain modifier letter small ain latin capital letter egyptological ain latin small letter egyptological ain encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 7461 u 1d25 7516 u 1d5c 42788 u a724 42789 u a725 utf 8 225 180 165 e1 b4 a5 225 181 156 e1 b5 9c 234 156 164 ea 9c a4 234 156 165 ea 9c a5 numeric character reference 7461 x1d25 7516 x1d5c 42788 xa724 42789 xa725 character information preview ƹ ƹ unicode name latin capital letter ezh reversed latin small letter ezh reversed encodings decimal hex dec hex unicode 440 u 01b8 441 u 01b9 utf 8 198 184 c6 b8 198 185 c6 b9 numeric character reference 440 x1b8 441 x1b9 character information preview 𐼒 𐼓 𐼘 𐼽 𐽀 unicode name old sogdian letter ayin old sogdian letter alternate ayin old sogdian letter resh ayin daleth sogdian letter ayin sogdian letter resh ayin encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 69394 u 10f12 69395 u 10f13 69400 u 10f18 69437 u 10f3d 69440 u 10f40 utf 8 240 144 188 146 f0 90 bc 92 240 144 188 147 f0 90 bc 93 240 144 188 152 f0 90 bc 98 240 144 188 189 f0 90 bc bd 240 144 189 128 f0 90 bd 80 utf 16 55299 57106 d803 df12 55299 57107 d803 df13 55299 57112 d803 df18 55299 57149 d803 df3d 55299 57152 d803 df40 numeric character reference 69394 x10f12 69395 x10f13 69400 x10f18 69437 x10f3d 69440 x10f40 character information preview 𐎓 𐡏 𐤏 ⲵ ⲵ unicode name ugaritic letter ain imperial aramaic letter ayin phoenician letter ain coptic capital letter old coptic ain coptic small letter old coptic ain encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 66451 u 10393 67663 u 1084f 67855 u 1090f 11444 u 2cb4 11445 u 2cb5 utf 8 240 144 142 147 f0 90 8e 93 240 144 161 143 f0 90 a1 8f 240 144 164 143 f0 90 a4 8f 226 178 180 e2 b2 b4 226 178 181 e2 b2 b5 utf 16 55296 57235 d800 df93 55298 56399 d802 dc4f 55298 56591 d802 dd0f 11444 2cb4 11445 2cb5 numeric character reference 66451 x10393 67663 x1084f 67855 x1090f 11444 x2cb4 11445 x2cb5 character information preview 𐭏 𐭥 𐮅 ჺ ჺ unicode name inscriptional parthian letter ayin inscriptional pahlavi letter waw ayin resh psalter pahlavi letter waw ayin resh georgian letter ain georgian mtavruli capital letter ain encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 68431 u 10b4f 68453 u 10b65 68485 u 10b85 4346 u 10fa 7354 u 1cba utf 8 240 144 173 143 f0 90 ad 8f 240 144 173 165 f0 90 ad a5 240 144 174 133 f0 90 ae 85 225 131 186 e1 83 ba 225 178 186 e1 b2 ba utf 16 55298 57167 d802 df4f 55298 57189 d802 df65 55298 57221 d802 df85 4346 10fa 7354 1cba numeric character reference 68431 x10b4f 68453 x10b65 68485 x10b85 4346 x10fa 7354 x1cba character information preview 𐫙 ࡘ 𐢗 𐪒 𐡰 unicode name manichaean letter ayin mandaic letter ain nabataean letter ayin old north arabian letter ain palmyrene letter ayin encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 68313 u 10ad9 2136 u 0858 67735 u 10897 68242 u 10a92 67696 u 10870 utf 8 240 144 171 153 f0 90 ab 99 224 161 152 e0 a1 98 240 144 162 151 f0 90 a2 97 240 144 170 146 f0 90 aa 92 240 144 161 176 f0 90 a1 b0 utf 16 55298 57049 d802 ded9 2136 0858 55298 56471 d802 dc97 55298 56978 d802 de92 55298 56432 d802 dc70 numeric character reference 68313 x10ad9 2136 x858 67735 x10897 68242 x10a92 67696 x10870 character information preview 𐼒 𐼓 𐼘 𐼽 𐽀 unicode name old sogdian letter ayin old sogdian letter alternate ayin old sogdian letter resh ayin daleth sogdian letter ayin sogdian letter resh ayin encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex unicode 69394 u 10f12 69395 u 10f13 69400 u 10f18 69437 u 10f3d 69440 u 10f40 utf 8 240 144 188 146 f0 90 bc 92 240 144 188 147 f0 90 bc 93 240 144 188 152 f0 90 bc 98 240 144 188 189 f0 90 bc bd 240 144 189 128 f0 90 bd 80 utf 16 55299 57106 d803 df12 55299 57107 d803 df13 55299 57112 d803 df18 55299 57149 d803 df3d 55299 57152 d803 df40 numeric character reference 69394 x10f12 69395 x10f13 69400 x10f18 69437 x10f3d 69440 x10f40 character information preview unicode name elymaic letter ayin chorasmian letter ayin encodings decimal hex dec hex unicode 69615 u 10fef 69568 u 10fc0 utf 8 240 144 191 175 f0 90 bf af 240 144 191 128 f0 90 bf 80 utf 16 55299 57327 d803 dfef 55299 57280 d803 dfc0 numeric character reference 69615 x10fef 69568 x10fc0 see also edit transliteration of ancient egyptian ng arabic letter ghayn gaf għ cyrillic ghayn used for several central asian languages notes edit ﻉ comes eighteenth in the hijaʾi order of arabic and twenty first in the persian alphabet this is confirmed by the text of the so called letter tragedy of the fifth century bce comic poet callias and also by a passage in plato s cratylus where socrates states w hen we speak of the letters of the alphabet you know we speak their names not merely the letters themselves except in the case of four e y o and ω 4 sometimes rendered as the greek diacritic in a serif font as ̔ e g carl brockelmann s grundriss der vergleichenden grammatik der semitischen sprachen 1908 friedrich delitzsch paul haupt eds beiträge zur assyriologie und semitischen sprachwissenschaft 1890 1968 reprint sometimes rendered as a semi circle open...