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nating both tactical collimation and 180 day verification requirements the integral cooling system for the ir optics is a modern sada ii electrically powered cryocooler removing the need to carry a supply of high pressure coolant gas cartridges as was necessary for the previous an tas 4 and an tas 4a night sights the most recent addition to the itas system is the itas ftl far target location which incorporates a new module called pads position attitude determination subsystem a device that attaches to the top of the itas sighting unit and uses differential gps tracking to relay precise coordinate data to the operator 26 service history edit in 1968 a contract for full scale production was awarded to hughes and by 1970 the system was being fielded by the u s army when adopted the bgm 71 series replaced the m40 106 mm recoilless rifle and the mgm 32 entac missile system then in service the missile also replaced the agm 22b then in service as a heliborne anti tank weapon 1972 vietnam first combat use edit one of the captured tow launchers exhibited in the war remnants museum in ho chi minh city on 24 april 1972 the u s 1st combat aerial tow team arrived in south vietnam the team s mission was to test the new anti armor missile under combat conditions 27 the team consisted of three crews technical representatives from bell helicopter and hughes aircraft members of the united states army aviation and missile command and two uh 1b helicopters each mounting the xm26 tow weapons system which had been taken from storage after displacing to the central highlands for aerial gunnery the unit commenced daily searches for enemy armor 27 on 2 may 1972 u s army uh 1 huey helicopters firing tows destroyed north vietnamese people s army of vietnam pavn tanks near an loc this was heralded as the first time a u s unit neutralized enemy armor using american designed and built guided missiles in this case against a captured american made m41 operated by the pavn 28 on 9 may elements of the pavn s 203rd armored regiment assaulted ben het camp held by army of the republic of vietnam arvn rangers the rangers destroyed the first three pt 76 amphibious light tanks of the 203rd thereby breaking up the attack 29 30 during the battle for the city of kontum the tow missile had proven to be a significant weapon in disrupting pavn tank attacks within the region by the end of may bgm 71 tow missiles had accumulated 24 confirmed kills of both pt 76 light and t 54 main battle tanks 29 30 on 19 august the arvn 5th infantry regiment 2nd division abandoned firebase ross in the que son valley 30 miles 48 km southwest of da nang to the pavn 711th division a dozen tow missiles were left with abandoned equipment and fell into pavn hands 31 1982 lebanon war edit the israel defense forces used tow missiles during the 1982 lebanon war on 11 june israeli anti tank teams armed with tow ambushed syrian armored forces and destroyed many syrian soviet made t 72 tanks estimates vary regarding the number of t 72s destroyed by tows vs the number destroyed by merkava mbts with the lower end at nine and the high end attributing the majority of the 30 t 72s destroyed by israeli forces in the war to yossi peled s anti tank tow units 32 this was probably the first encounter of the american anti tank missile with the newer soviet tank 33 iran iraq war edit two iranian soldiers with a bgm 71 tow mounted on a toyota landcruiser during the iran iraq war in the iran iraq war of the 1980s the islamic republic of iran army used tow missiles purchased before the iranian revolution in 1979 as well as those purchased during the iran contra affair of the 202 ah 1j internationals export variant of the ah 1j seacobra that iran purchased from the us 62 were tow capable iranian ah 1js managed to slow down iraqi tank advances into iran during the dogfights between iranian seacobras and iraqi mil mi 24s iranians achieved several kills usually using tow missiles 34 1991 persian gulf war edit tow was used in multiple engagements during operation desert storm in the persian gulf war of 1991 during the war both the m2 bradley infantry fighting vehicle ifv and the m3 bradley cavalry fighting vehicle cfv carried tow missiles the m2 can also carry seven additional rounds while the m3 can carry twelve 35 the m2 and m3 medium weight bradley fighting vehicles destroyed more iraqi tanks during the war than the m1a1 abrams heavy main battle tanks citation needed both at tow company 2nd tank battalion 2nd marine division and at tow company 3rd tank battalion 1st marine division engaged iraqi tanks with tow missiles in their m1045 m1046 hmmwvs these vehicles were configured with a roof mounted tow launcher and carried six rounds in the cargo compartment with an additional round in the tube the british army also deployed tow armed westland lynx helicopters to the conflict where they were used to attack iraqi armored vehicles this was the first recorded use of the tow missile from a british helicopter 1993 somalia edit on 5 june 24 pakistani soldiers were killed by members of mohamed farrah aidid s habr gidr militia some were skinned 36 subsequently the united nations called for the arrest of those responsible weeks later they would formally place the blame on aidid leader of the habr gidr clan subsequently u n troops hunted aidid incidents between the two sides worsened with fighting back and forth on 12 july three months before the battle of mogadishu the united nations and the united states attempted to defeat aidid s organization by attacking a strategy meeting of his native habr gidr clan under operation michigan the washington post described the event as a slaughter in which a half dozen ah 1 cobra attack helicopters fired 16 tow missiles and 2 000 rounds from their 20 mm cannons into the meeting of the elders and senior combat commanders the first tow missile destroyed the stairs preventing escape in the aftermath it was revealed that aidid was not in the meeting the red cross claimed that 54 people had been killed admiral jonathan t howe reported that 20 had died while aidid s somali national alliance produced a list of 73 people who they claimed had been killed 37 2001 war in afghanistan edit tow missiles were used during the war in afghanistan 38 2003 iraq war edit ten humvee mounted tow missiles were used by u s forces in iraq during the 22 july 2003 assault that killed uday and qusay hussein 39 although tow missiles are generally used against armored vehicles these missiles were used on the house where the two men were located 2011 syrian civil war edit a member of the free syrian army southern front s sword of al sham brigades prepares to launch a bgm 71e tow at a syrian arab army position in southern syria december 2014 an army of glory fighter firing a bgm 71 tow at a syrian army target north of hama syria in march 2017 the weapon was spotted as early as april 2014 in at least two videos that surfaced showing syrian opposition forces in the syrian civil war using bgm 71 tows a weapon previously not seen in use by the opposition 40 such a video showing a bgm 71e 3b with the serial number removed can be seen in a 27 may 2014 episode of the pbs series frontline 41 in february 2015 the carter center listed 23 groups within the southern front of the free syrian army that have been documented using us supplied tows 42 a sudden influx of tows was supplied in may 2015 mostly to free syrian army affiliated factions but also independent islamist battalions as a requirement of being provided tows these syrian opposition groups are required to document the use of the missiles by filming their use and are also required to save the spent missile casings groups provided with tows include the hazzm movement the 13th division 1st coastal division syria revolutionaries front yarmouk army knights of justice brigade and the 101st division 43 free syrian army battalions widely and decisively used tows in the 2015 jisr al shughur offensive 44 45 46 russia attempted a rescue operation after a su 24 m was shot down at the syria turkey border on 24 november 2015 a video of free syrian army 1st coastal division using a tow missile to destroy a disabled russian helicopter on the ground after its crew had retreated was posted on youtube 47 better source needed in october 2015 saudi arabia delivered 500 tow missiles to anti assad rebels 48 a video produced through bulgarian television provides evidence of non rebel use of this weapon by islamic affiliated fighters 49 reports indicate that a small number of tow missiles have ended up in the hands of al qaeda in syria and islamic state of iraq and the levant 50 51 in august 2016 footage of the syrian military inspecting a captured bgm 71e missile system in bani zeit district aleppo was leaked online on 2 september 2016 rebels released a video of a bgm 71 tow destroying a french manufactured syrian arab air force aérospatiale gazelle as it was landing on an airstrip near khattab in northern hama 52 2022 russo ukrainian war edit in august 2022 the u s department of defense announced 53 that it would be sending 1 500 tow missiles presumably bgm 71 though not explicitly specified as such to ukraine as part of an additional 775m security assistance package to the meet ukraine s critical security and defense needs as part of ongoing us military assistance following the russian invasion of ukraine in april 2023 videos posted to twitter showed ukrainian forces using tow missiles to destroy russian tanks in the bakhmut area including their loading use and mounting on a vehicle a former national security council official said such videos are just devastating they show that even older weapons like tow missiles can have a massive impact on russian forces these videos surely damage russian morale as well 54 on 19 july hanna maliar ukraine s deputy defense minister claimed on telegram that an m2 bradley had killed russian infantry during fighting in the zaporizhzhia region she further claimed that using tow missiles the m2 bradley was able to destroy two russian t 72 tanks the bradley was assigned to the 47th mechanized brigade these claims could not be independently verified 55 56 variants edit raytheon now rtx has taken over for hughes in recent years and now handles production of all current variants as well as tow development designation description length diameter wingspan launch weight warhead armor penetration est range speed xbgm 71a bgm 71a hughes tube launched optically tracked wire command link guided tow missile 1 16 m 0 152 m 0 46 m 18 9 kg 3 9 kg 2 4 kg he heat 430 mm estimated value 65 3 750 m 2 33 mi 179 m s 57 bgm 71b bgm 71a variant improved range bgm 71c bgm 71b variant improved tow itow w improved shaped charge warhead 1 41 m probe extended 1 17 m probe folded 19 1 kg 630 mm exact value bgm 71d bgm 71c variant tow 2 improved guidance motor and enlarged main warhead 1 51 m probe extended 1 17 m probe folded 21 5 kg 5 9 kg 3 1 kg he heat 900 mm bgm 71e bgm 71d variant tow 2a optimized to defeat reactive armor with tandem warheads 22 6 kg 900 mm behind a layer of era 188 m s 57 bgm 71f bgm 71d variant tow 2b top down attack variant using explosively formed penetrators 1 168 m 6 14 kg efp 58 no data 200 4 500 m 2 8 mi b 59 179 m s 57 bgm 71g bgm 71f variant different ap warhead not produced no data no data no data no data no data bgm 71h bgm 71e variant bunker buster variant for use against fortified structures no data no data no data 200 mm double reinforced concrete 59 65 4 200 m 2 6 mi 59 left right bgm 71a basic bgm 71c itow bgm 71f tow 2b bgm 71d tow 2 bgm 71e tow 2a while the original armor penetration estimates were 600 mm for bgm 71a b and 700 800 mm for bgm 71c a now declassified cia study shows the cia s estimated penetration values against a vertical target are much lower just 430 mm for the bgm 71a b tow and 630 mm for the bgm 71c improved tow 60 the time to target at maximum range is 20 seconds therefore giving an average speed of 187 5 m s 61 international edit iran has reverse engineered the type from examples acquired before 1979 and currently manufactures duplicate tow missiles these carry the iranian designation of toophan 62 sweden had saab develop a helicopter launch system called helitow rbs 55h for the helikopter 9 operators edit map with bgm 71 operators in blue current edit afghanistan argentina tow 2 63 377 bahrain bgm 71a tow 63 318 belgium agustawestland aw109 a109 ah l tow helicopter only botswana 63 436 cameroon 64 mounted on jeeps 63 440 canada 147 launchers in service in 2000 65 croatia chile chad colombia 63 391 denmark 66 egypt produced under license by arab british dynamics 67 eswatini ethiopia finland 68 free syrian army 42 germany 69 greece 63 98 70 hezbollah 71 hungary iran 63 324 local production under the name toophan طوفان iraq iranian version used by pmf militias 72 italy 73 total of 432 launchers 5 000 bgm 71 missiles and 130 launchers delivered in 1974 10 000 missiles delivered in 1976 1978 2 311 itows delivered in 1982 1984 6 629 bgm 71c itows delivered in 1986 1989 for 67 million of which 1 239 were practice missiles 1 440 bgm 71d tow2s for a129 mangusta delivered in 1990 1996 japan jordan 63 334 kurdistan 74 kenya 75 kuwait 75 kosovo 75 lebanon 63 338 luxembourg 63 112 mexico morocco 70 launchers in service 1 200 bgm 71 4b rf tow 2a rf missiles on order approved for export on 8 december 2016 76 needs update oman pakistan 77 philippines 78 portugal used by the army and marines 63 124 125 saudi arabia tow 2a used by the army and national guard 63 351 singapore south korea 63 266 spain tow and tow 2 variants used by the army and marines 63 134 135 sweden 79 switzerland 80 syria captured from rebel groups 81 taiwan thailand used by the army and marines 63 295 296 tunisia 63 358 turkey 63 142 ukraine 63 202 united arab emirates 63 359 united states used by the army and marine corps 63 37 42 vietnam yemen 63 362 houthis toophan 63 362 people s defense units ypg 82 former edit islamic state 3 israel 73 lebanese forces seized from the lebanese army in 1984 mounted on jeeps 2 netherlands the decision to replace the m47 dragon in use with reconnaissance units and tow in use with mechanized infantry with the gill mrat 83 was made in 2001 with deliveries expected in 2002 84 the first gill mrat was issued in 2004 to the regiment van heutsz 85 norway 86 replaced by fgm 148 javelin somalia used during the siad barre era 87 unita fala delivered from the united states in 1987 mounted on jeeps and humvees 88 89 united kingdom operated from army air corps westland lynx helicopters failed bids edit yugoslavia in the early 1980s negotiations to supply yugoslavia with modern united states manufactured tow anti tank guided missiles broke down after the discovery that yugoslavia had violated the terms of a prior arms transfer by sending m 47 tanks to the new revolutionary regime in ethiopia in the early 1980s 90 gallery edit launch trailing wi...