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mia elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine peripheral neuropathy sense loss change in mobility memory loss and other cognitive deficits it is most likely to occur among elderly people as absorption through the gut declines with age the autoimmune disease pernicious anemia is another common cause it can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis untreated it is possible to cause irreversible damage to the brain and nerve system in rare extreme cases paralysis can result side effects edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2021 learn how and when to remove this message because water soluble b vitamins are eliminated in the urine taking large doses of most b vitamins usually only produces transient side effects with the only exception being pyridoxine general side effects may include restlessness nausea and insomnia these side effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements and not food vitamin number tolerable upper intake level ul harmful effects b 1 none 22 no known toxicity from oral intake there are some reports of anaphylaxis caused by high dose thiamin injections into the vein or muscle however the doses were greater than the quantity humans can physically absorb from oral intake 22 b 2 none 23 no evidence of toxicity based on limited human and animal studies the only evidence of adverse effects associated with riboflavin comes from in vitro studies showing the production of reactive oxygen species free radicals when riboflavin was exposed to intense visible and uv light 23 b 3 us ul 35 mg as a dietary supplement 24 intake of 3000 mg day of nicotinamide and 1500 mg day of nicotinic acid are associated with nausea vomiting and signs and symptoms of liver toxicity other effects may include glucose intolerance and reversible ocular effects additionally the nicotinic acid form may cause vasodilatory effects also known as flushing including redness of the skin often accompanied by an itching tingling or mild burning sensation which is also often accompanied by pruritus headaches and increased intracranial blood flow and occasionally accompanied by pain 24 medical practitioners prescribe recommended doses up to 2000 mg per day of niacin in either immediate release or slow release formats to lower plasma triglycerides and low density lipiprotein cholesterol 25 b 5 none no toxicity known b 6 us ul 100 mg day eu ul 12 5 mg day causes megavitamin b 6 syndrome b 7 none no toxicity known b 9 folate 1 mg day 26 masks vitamin b 12 deficiency 26 b 12 none established 27 skin and spinal lesions acne like rash causality is not conclusively established 27 28 discovery edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2021 learn how and when to remove this message vitamin name discoverer date notes vitamin b 1 thiamine umetaro suzuki 1910 failed to gain publicity casimir funk 1912 vitamin b 2 riboflavin d t smith and e g hendrick 1926 max tishler invented methods for synthesizing it vitamin b 3 niacin conrad elvehjem 1937 vitamin b 5 pantothenic acid roger j williams 1933 vitamin b 6 pyridoxine etc paul gyorgy 1934 vitamin b 7 biotin research by multiple independent groups in the early 1900s credits for discovery include margaret averil boas 1927 29 paul gyorgy 1939 as vitamin h 30 and dean burk 31 vitamin b 9 folic acid lucy wills 1933 vitamin b 12 cobalamins five people have been awarded nobel prizes for direct and indirect studies of vitamin b 12 george whipple george minot and william murphy 1934 alexander r todd 1957 and dorothy hodgkin 1964 32 related compounds edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2021 learn how and when to remove this message many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins they are no longer considered as such and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the gaps in the true series of b complex vitamins described above for example there is no vitamin b 4 some of them though not essential to humans are essential in the diets of other organisms others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions vitamin b 4 can refer to the distinct chemicals choline 33 adenine or carnitine 34 35 choline is synthesized by the human body but not sufficiently to maintain good health and is now considered an essential dietary nutrient 36 adenine is a nucleobase synthesized by the human body 37 carnitine is an essential dietary nutrient for certain worms but not for humans 38 vitamin b 8 adenosine monophosphate amp also known as adenylic acid 39 vitamin b 8 may also refer to inositol 40 vitamin b 10 para aminobenzoic acid paba or paba a chemical component of the folate molecule produced by plants and bacteria and found in many foods 41 42 it is best known as a uv blocking sunscreen applied to the skin and is sometimes taken orally for certain medical conditions 41 43 vitamin b 11 pteroylheptaglutamic acid phga chick growth factor vitamin bc conjugate was also found to be identical to phga derivative of folate pteroylmonoglutamic acid in this nomenclature 44 vitamin b 13 orotic acid 45 vitamin b 14 cell proliferant anti anemia rat growth factor and antitumor pterin phosphate named by earl r norris isolated from human urine at 0 33ppm later in blood but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not confirm this he also claimed this was not xanthopterin vitamin b 15 pangamic acid 45 also known as pangamate promoted in various forms as a dietary supplement and drug considered unsafe and subject to seizure by the us food and drug administration 46 vitamin b 16 dimethylglycine dmg 47 is synthesized by the human body from choline vitamin b 17 pseudoscientific name for the poisonous compound amygdalin also known as laetrile or by the equally pseudoscientific name nitrilosides despite the fact that it is a single compound amygdalin can be found in various plants but is most commonly extracted from apricot pits and other similar fruit kernels amygdalin is hydrolyzed by various intestinal enzymes to form among other things hydrogen cyanide which is toxic to human beings when exposed to a high enough dosage some proponents claim that amygdalin is effective in cancer treatment and prevention despite its toxicity and a lack of scientific evidence 48 vitamin b 20 l carnitine 47 vitamin b f carnitine 39 vitamin b m myo inositol also called mouse antialopaecia factor 49 vitamin b p antiperosis factor which prevents perosis a leg disorder in chicks can be replaced by choline and manganese salts 38 39 50 vitamin b t carnitine 51 38 vitamin b v a type of b 6 other than pyridoxine vitamin b w a type of biotin other than d biotin vitamin b x an alternative name for both paba see vitamin b 10 and pantothenic acid 38 43 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 hanna m jaqua e nguyen v clay j june 2022 b vitamins functions and uses in medicine the permanente journal 26 2 89 97 doi 10 7812 tpp 21 204 pmc 9662251 pmid 35933667 1 2 3 4 5 6 b vitamins medlineplus national library of medicine us national institutes of health 23 september 2021 retrieved 2 june 2024 stipanuk m h 2006 biochemical physiological molecular aspects of human nutrition 2nd ed st louis saunders elsevier p 667 isbn 9781416002093 craig wj may 2009 health effects of vegan diets the american journal of clinical nutrition 89 5 1627s 1633s doi 10 3945 ajcn 2009 26736n pmid 19279075 vitamin b12 supplements are essential for vegans 14 february 2018 herbert v september 1988 vitamin b 12 plant sources requirements and assay the american journal of clinical nutrition 48 3 suppl 852 8 doi 10 1093 ajcn 48 3 852 pmid 3046314 archived from the original on 24 february 2008 1 2 woolston c 14 july 2008 b vitamins don t boost energy drinks power los angeles times archived from the original on 19 october 2008 retrieved 8 october 2008 vitamin b injections mentioned archived from the original on 3 july 2008 retrieved 29 july 2008 thornalley pj babaei jadidi r al ali h rabbani n antonysunil a larkin j et al october 2007 high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease diabetologia 50 10 2164 70 doi 10 1007 s00125 007 0771 4 pmc 1998885 pmid 17676306 shaw gm schaffer d velie em morland k harris ja may 1995 periconceptional vitamin use dietary folate and the occurrence of neural tube defects epidemiology 6 3 219 26 doi 10 1097 00001648 199505000 00005 pmid 7619926 s2cid 2740838 fattal valevski a 2011 thiamin vitamin b1 journal of evidence based complementary alternative medicine 16 1 12 20 doi 10 1177 1533210110392941 s2cid 71436117 guide to nutritional supplements academic press 2 september 2009 isbn 978 0 12 375661 9 whitney n rolfes s crowe t cameron smith d walsh a 2011 understanding nutrition melbourne cengage learning national academy of sciences institute of medicine food and nutrition board ed 1998 chapter 6 niacin dietary reference intakes for tjiamine riboflavin niacin vitamin b6 folate vitamin b12 pantothenic acid biotin and choline washington dc national academy press schnepp zoe 2002 pantothenic acid university of bristol archived from the original on 24 february 2021 retrieved 16 september 2012 via bris ac uk gropper s smith j 2009 advanced nutrition and human metabolism belmont california cengage learning vitamin b 6 micronutrient information center linus pauling institute oregon state university corvallis or may 2014 archived from the original on 14 march 2018 retrieved 7 march 2017 schnepp zoe 2002 biotin university of bristol archived from the original on 24 february 2021 retrieved 17 september 2012 via bris ac uk national academy of sciences institute of medicine food and nutrition board ed 1998 chapter 8 folate dietary reference intakes for thiamine riboflavin niacin vitamin b6 folate vitamin b12 pantothenic acid biotin and choline washington dc national academy press schnepp zoe 2002 vitamin b12 university of bristol archived from the original on 24 february 2021 retrieved 16 september 2012 via bris ac uk sardesai vishwanath 11 april 2003 introduction to clinical nutrition crc press isbn 978 0 203 91239 3 1 2 chapter 4 thiamin dietary reference intakes for thiamine riboflavin niacin vitamin b 6 folate vitamin b 12 pantothenic acid biotin and choline food and nutrition board report institute of medicine washington dc u s national academy of sciences press 1998 pp 58 86 isbn 978 0 309 06411 8 archived from the original pdf on 18 june 2009 retrieved 17 june 2009 1 2 chapter 5 riboflavin dietary reference intakes for thiamine riboflavin niacin vitamin b 6 folate vitamin b 12 pantothenic acid biotin and choline food and 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