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bacteriocyte wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 location 2 development toggle development subsection 2 1 transmission of endosymbionts 2 2 growth 2 3 death 3 function toggle function subsection 3 1 nutrition 3 2 other functions 4 examples toggle examples subsection 4 1 aphids 4 2 tsetse flies 5 references toggle the table of contents bacteriocyte 8 languages español français עברית magyar nederlands norsk nynorsk português 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from bacteriocytes specialized cell containing endosymbionts bacteriocyte post larval bathymodiolus azoricus gill filament with prominent bacteriocyte anatomical terms of microanatomy edit on wikidata a bacteriocyte greek for bacteria cell also known as a mycetocyte is a specialized adipocyte found primarily in certain insects such as aphids tsetse flies german cockroaches weevils and ants these cells contain endosymbiotic organisms such as bacteria and fungi which provide essential amino acids and other chemicals to their host bacteriocytes may aggregate into a specialized organ called the bacteriome endosymbiosis with microorganisms is common in insects more than 10 of insect species rely upon intracellular bacteria for their development and survival 1 endosymbionts and their relationships with their hosts are diverse both functionally and genetically however the host cell in which bacterial and fungal endosymbionts reside is mostly unknown location edit bacteriocyte location varies depending on the insect and endosymbiont type these cells often inhabit fat bodies inside the midgut epithelium the proximity to the insects digestive system facilitates the absorption of bacteriocyte produced nutrients however fungal infected bacteriocytes and some bacteria infected bacteriocytes can sometimes populate the hemocoel a blood containing cavity between the organs of most arthropods 2 development edit transmission of endosymbionts edit vertical transmission of endosymbionts from the maternal bacteriocytes is thought to occur in the blastula stage of development bacteriocyte microorganism transfer occurs through vertical transmission from mother to offspring horizontal transmission or infection does not typically appear because insects with bacteriocytes depend so significantly on their symbiotic relationships to survive hosts without bacteriocytes do not usually survive and reproduce into adulthood in some cases the bacteria and fungi are transmitted in the egg as in buchnera 3 in others like wigglesworthia they are transmitted via a milky substance that is fed to the developing insect embryo suppression of the ultrabithorax gene in embryos led to the disappearance of bacteriocytes in nysius plebius while manipulation of the antennapedia gene impacted the formation of bacteriomes but did not halt the formation of bacteriocytes altogether 4 although vertical transmission of the symbionts is pivotal the underlying and cellular mechanisms of this process are relatively unknown however there are several existing hypotheses one theory is that the microorganisms circulating in the hemolymph of the mother migrate to a posterior region of the offspring blastula containing enlarged follicle cells other studies suggest that symbionts are directly transferred from the maternal bacteriocyte to the follicular region of the blastula through exocytic and endocytic transport a newer hypothesis suggests that a membranous conduit forms between the maternal bacteriocyte and blastula which acts as a bridge for symbionts additionally some studies show that the recognition of stem cell niches and association with dynein kinesin and microtubules are crucial for transmission from the parent to the offspring germline as well as segregation to host daughter cells 5 growth edit bacteriocyte tissue grows considerably during nymphal and larval development as it organizes into two regular clusters near the gut and developing embryonic chains as some insects grow older such as aphids they begin to exhibit disorganized architecture in the bacteriocyte tissue eventually this trend leads to progressive dis aggregation of the tissue caused by an increasing lack of intercellular adhesion of the cells that only increases as the insect ages dis aggregation appears prominently in reproductively active as well as senescent adults some bacteriocyte nuclei like those in aphids also follow this pattern of development they are initially round and centrally positioned but progressively become more deformed and move to the periphery of the cell 6 death edit this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources bacteriocyte news newspapers books scholar jstor november 2024 learn how and when to remove this message aphids are closely evolutionarily linked to their endosymbionts and depend on them for survival throughout their entire lifetime resulting in a distinct form of cell death bacteriocytes can undergo a controlled form of cell death distinct from apoptosis elimination of bacteriocytes usually begins when the insect reaches reproductive maturity bacteriocyte degeneration begins with cytoplasmic hypervacuolation meaning an excess of organelles called vacuoles form in the cytoplasm and then progressively expand throughout the entire cell these vacuoles which originate from the endoplasmic reticulum also contain large acidic compartments are thought to aid in cellular degeneration hypervacuolation is a common feature in cells that undergo an autophagic or self eating death bacteriocytes however do not experience an autophagic death based on the lack of digested cellular components in the vacuoles bacteriocytes do develop some organelles to break down cellular components called autophagosomes but research suggests that their development is a stress response to adverse cellular conditions caused by the acidic hypervacuolation and not a contributor to cell death this form of bacteriocyte death is also nonapoptotic based on the irregular shape of the adult nucleus as well as a lack of chromatin condensation during degeneration and other characteristic features genetic testing also reveals a significant inhibition of the apoptotic pathway some other cell death characteristics found in bacteriocytes include acid induced mitochondrial dysfunction high levels of reactive oxygen species and in the late phase of cell death the digestion of endosymbionts by lysosomes 6 other bacteriocytes like those found in weevils undergo a different form of cell death unlike aphids weevils lose their bacteriocytes in adulthood in these species both apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms quickly eliminate bacteriomes associated with the gut this form of cell death is more common in insects with a smaller dependence on their endosymbionts aphids on the other hand are closely evolutionarily tied to bacterial endosymbiosis resulting in a more complicated form of cell death 6 function edit nutrition edit the main function of bacteriocytes is to indirectly provide nutrients to the insect through the use of symbionts the microorganisms housed in these specialized cells produce essential nutrients for their hosts in exchange for an enclosed environment to live the health of these endosymbionts is crucial for the host s biology as their presence changes the balance of amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial phosphorylation both of these processes are essential for insect flight ability and performance insects housing symbionts develop best when fed on a diet with a lower protein to carbohydrate ratio than other insects because the symbionts already add considerable amounts of amino acid and nitrogen nutrition to the host 2 because of this nutritional imbalance bacteriocytes are more prevalent in insects that utilize diets consisting of an excess of one compound while lacking some nutrients like amino acids and proteins 1 other functions edit while some endosymbionts directly provide their hosts with food others secrete enzymes to help aid in digestion of materials the insect cannot break down itself such as wood 7 additionally some bacteriocyte endosymbionts serve an immune function are known to prime the immune system especially against trypanosomes 8 examples edit symbionts buchnera aphidicola within a bacteriocyte of a pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum the central object is the host nucleus buchnera cells are round and packed into the cytoplasm 9 aphids edit development of aphid acyrthosiphon pisum bacteriocytes has been studied with the host cells that contain the endosymbiotic bacteria buchnera aphidicola bacteriocytes of aphids have a subpopulation of the bacteriocytes that is chosen prior to the maternal transmission of the bacteria to the embryo even later in the aphid s life a second population of adipose cells are selected to become bacteriocytes bacteriocyte development has been maintained in aphids for 80 150 million years 10 tsetse flies edit the tsetse fly s most prominent and vital endosymbiont is the bacterium wigglesworthia glossinidia these bacteria are housed in the fly s bacteriocytes and produce b vitamins b1 b6 and b9 the tsetse fly itself lacks the ability to obtain these nutrients because of its hematophagous diet w glossinidia population in the maternal milk glands also help prime the immune system during the larval stage tsetse flies with bacteriocytes containing w glossinidia are less susceptible to trypanosome infection later in life 8 references edit 1 2 baumann p moran na baumann l editors 2000 bacteriocyte associated endosymbionts of insects in dworkin m editor the prokaryotes online new york springer available http link springer de link service books 10125 1 2 thompson s n simpson s j 2009 nutrition encyclopedia of insects 2 ed amsterdam academic press pp 715 720 douglas a e 1998 nutritional interactions in insect microbial symbioses aphids and their symbiotic bacteria buchnera annual review of entomology 43 17 38 doi 10 1146 annurev ento 43 1 17 issn 0066 4170 pmid 15012383 matsuura yu kikuchi yoshitomo miura toru fukatsu takema july 28 2015 ultrabithorax is essential for bacteriocyte development proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 112 30 9376 9381 bibcode 2015pnas 112 9376m doi 10 1073 pnas 1503371112 jstor 26464197 pmc 4522796 pmid 26170303 koga meng tsuchida fukatsu 2012 cellular mechanism for selective vertical transmission of an obligate insect symbiont at the bacteriocyte embryo interface proc natl acad sci usa 109 20 1230 1237 doi 10 1073 pnas 1119212109 pmc 3356617 pmid 22517738 1 2 3 calevro federica callaerts patrick charles hubert heddi abdelaziz febvay gérard vulsteke veerle duport gabrielle buhler kurt parisot nicolas 2018 02 20 bacteriocyte cell death in the pea aphid buchnera symbiotic system proceedings of the national academy of sciences 115 8 e1819 e1828 doi 10 1073 pnas 1720237115 issn 0027 8424 pmc 5828623 pmid 29432146 brune andreas 2009 symbionts aiding digestion encyclopedia of insects 2 ed amsterdam academic press pp 978 983 1 2 sloan megan ligoxygakis petros 2017 immunology of insect vectors midgut interactions of sandflies and tsetse with kinetoplastid parasites as a paradigm for establishing infection advances in insect physiology 52 231 248 doi 10 1016 bs aiip 2017 04 003 hoff mary 2007 04 10 when bacteria lose a single dna base aphids suffer plos biol 5 5 e126 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0050126 pmc 1847844 pmid 20076671 braendle christian miura toru bickel ryan shingleton alexander w kambhampati srinivas stern david l 2003 10 13 developmental origin and evolution of bacteriocytes in the aphid buchnera symbiosis plos biol 1 1 e21 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0000021 pmc 212699 pmid 14551917 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title bacteriocyte oldid 1372047332 category animal cells hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles using infobox templates with no data rows articles needing additional references from november 2024 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 30 august 2026 at 01 18 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents bacteriocyte 8 languages add topic