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edia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 hebrew bible 1 2 greco roman 1 3 rabbinic literature 1 4 arab 1 5 modern 2 lexicon toggle lexicon subsection 2 1 hebrew tsori 2 2 hebrew nataph 2 3 hebrew bosem 2 4 greek balsamon 2 5 latin balsamum 3 plants toggle plants subsection 3 1 mastic 3 2 zukum 3 3 terebinth 3 4 pine 3 5 cancamon 3 6 balm of mecca 3 7 cedronella 4 flammability 5 references 6 bibliography 7 external links toggle the table of contents balm of gilead 12 languages العربية català español فارسی suomi français bahasa indonesia italiano piemontèis português русский svenska edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia historic herbal perfume for other uses see balm of gilead disambiguation this article s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article october 2023 learn how and when to remove this message plant considered to be the basis of the balm of gilead exhibition in jerusalem balm of gilead was a rare perfume used medicinally that was mentioned in the hebrew bible and named for the region of gilead where it was said to have been produced the tree or shrub from which the balm was extracted and processed was historically very commonly mis identified as the misnomerical commiphora gileadensis whose common name was in turn established by the ubiquity of such confusion true balm of gilead was actually derived from pistacia lentiscus 1 history edit hebrew bible edit commiphora gileadensis identified by some as the ancient balm of gilead in the botanical gardens of kibutz ein gedi branches and fruit of a commiphora gileadensis shrub in the bible balsam is designated by various names בֹּשֶׂם bosem בֶּשֶׂם besem צֳרִי tsari נָטָף nataf which all differ from the terms used in rabbinic literature after having cast joseph into a pit his brothers noticed a caravan on its way from gilead to egypt with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh gen 37 25 when jacob dispatched his embassy into egypt his present to the unknown ruler included a little balm gen 43 11 during the final years of the kingdom of judah jeremiah asks is there no balm in gilead jer 8 22 still later from an expression in ezekiel 27 17 balm was one of the commodities which hebrew merchants carried to the market of tyre 2 according to 1 kings 10 10 balsam hebrew bosem was among the many precious gifts of the queen of sheba to king solomon 3 greco roman edit in the later days of jewish history the neighborhood of jericho was believed to be the only spot where the true balsam grew and even there its culture was confined to two gardens the one twenty acres in extent the other much smaller theophrastus 2 according to josephus the queen of sheba brought the root of the balsam as a present to king solomon ant 8 6 6 2 in describing judaea tacitus says that in all its productions it equals italy besides possessing the palm and the balsam hist 5 6 and the far famed tree excited the cupidity of successive invaders by pompey it was exhibited in the streets of rome as one of the spoils of the newly conquered province in 65 bce and one of the wonderful trees graced the triumph of vespasian in 79 ce during the invasion of titus two battles took place at the balsam groves of jericho the last being to prevent the jews in their despairing frenzy from destroying the trees then they became public property and were placed under the protection of an imperial guard but history does not record how long the two plantations survived 2 according to pliny hist nat 12 54 the balsam tree was indigenous only to judea but known to diodorus siculus 3 46 as a product of arabia also in palestine praised by other writers also for its balsam justinus 36 3 tacitus hist 5 6 plutarchus vita anton c 36 florus epitome bellorum 3 5 29 dioscorides de materia medica 1 18 this plant was cultivated in the environs of jericho strabo 16 763 diodorus siculus 2 48 19 98 in gardens set apart for this use pliny hist nat 12 54 see josephus ant 14 4 1 15 4 2 war 1 6 6 and after the destruction of the state of judea these plantations formed a lucrative source of the roman imperial revenue see diodorus siculus 2 48 4 pliny distinguishes three different species of this plant the first with thin capillaceous leaves the second a crooked scabrous shrub and the third with smooth rind and of taller growth than the two former he tells us that in general the balsam plant a shrub has the nearest resemblance to the grapevine and its mode of cultivation is almost the same the leaves however more closely resemble those of the rue and the plant is an evergreen its height does not exceed two cubits from slight incisions made very cautiously into the rind josephus ant 14 4 1 war 1 6 6 the balsam trickles in thin drops which are collected with wool into a horn and then preserved in new earthen jars at first it is whitish and pellucid but afterwards it becomes harder and reddish that is considered to be the best quality which trickles before the appearance of the fruit much inferior to this is the resin pressed from the seeds the rind and even from the stems see theophrastus hist plant 9 6 strabo 16 763 pausanias 9 28 2 this description which is not sufficiently characteristic of the plant itself suits for the most part the egyptian balsam shrub found by belon in a garden near cairo the plant however is not indigenous to egypt but the layers are brought there from arabia felix prosperus alpinus has published a plate of it 4 dioscorides de materia medica attributes many medical properties to balsam such as expelling menstrual flow being an abortifacient moving the urine assisting breathing and conception being an antidote for aconitum and snakebite treating pleurisy pneumonia cough sciatica epilepsy vertigo asthma and gripes 5 sharp bowel pains in the era of galen who flourished in the second century and travelled to palestine and syria purposely to obtain a knowledge of this substance it grew in jericho and many other parts of the holy land 6 rabbinic literature edit the terms used in rabbinic literature are different from those used in the hebrew bible קׇטׇף kataf בַּלְסׇם balsam אַפּוֹבַּלְסַמוֹן appobalsamon and אֲפַרְסְמוֹן afarsemon 3 in the talmud balsam appears as a valued ointment produced by the jericho plain 7 but its main use was as a topical medication rather than as a cosmetic 8 rav yehudah composed a special blessing for balsam who creates the oil of our land 9 young women used it as a perfume to seduce young men 10 arab edit the balsam carried originally says arab tradition from yemen by the queen of sheba as a gift to solomon and planted by him in the gardens of jericho was brought to egypt by cleopatra and planted at ain shemesh ain shams dubious discuss in a garden which all the old travellers arab and christian mention with deep interest 6 prosper alpinus relates that forty plants were brought by a governor of cairo to the garden there and ten remained when belon travelled in egypt but only one existed in the 18th century by the 19th century there appeared to be none 6 modern edit the german botanist schweinfurth 1836 1925 claimed to have reconstructed the ancient process of balsam production 3 lexicon edit hebrew tsori edit in the hebrew bible the balm of gilead is tsori or tseri צֳרִי or צְרִי it is a merchandise in gen 37 25 and ez 27 17 a gift in gen 43 11 and a medicament for national disaster in fig in jer 8 22 46 11 51 8 11 the hebrew root z r h צרה means run blood bleed of vein with cognates in arabic ﺿﺮﻭ an odoriferous tree or its gum sabaean צרו syriac ܙܪܘܐ possibly fructus pini and greek στύραξ in meaning 12 many attempts have been made to identify the tsori but none can be considered conclusive the samaritan pentateuch gen 37 25 and the syriac bible jer 8 22 translate it as wax cera the septuagint has ῥητίνη pine resin the arabic version and castell hold it for theriac lee supposes it to be mastich luther and the swedish version have salve ointment in the passages in jer but in ezek 27 17 they read mastic gesenius hebrew commentators kimchi junius tremellius deodatius and the authorized version except in ezek 27 17 rosin have balm balsam greek βάλσαμον latin opobalsamum 2 hebrew nataph edit besides the tsori another hebrew word nataph נׇטׇף mentioned in ex 30 34 as an ingredient of the holy incense is taken by hebrew commentators for opobalsamum this however is perhaps rather stacte 4 hebrew bosem edit another hebrew word bosem בֹּשֶׂם aramaic busema ܒܣܡܐ arabic besham بشام appears in various forms throughout the hebrew bible it is usually translated as spice perfume sweet odour balsam balsam tree 13 greek balsamon edit greek authors use the words βάλσαμον theophrastus aristotle for the balsam plant and its resin while galen nicander and the geoponica consider it an aromatic herb like mint the word is probably semitic 14 ὁπο βάλσᾰμον theophrastus is the juice of the balsam tree 15 βαλσαμίνη dioscorides is the balsam plant 16 palladius names it βάλσαμος and also has βαλσαμουργός a preparer of balsam 17 related are ξῠλο βάλσᾰμον dioscorides strabo balsam wood 18 and καρπο βάλσᾰμον galen the fruit of the balsam 19 clarification needed latin balsamum edit latin authors use balsamum tacitus pliny florus scribonius largus celsus columella martialis for the balsam tree branches and resin 20 opobalsamum pliny celsus scribonius largus martialis statius juvenal for the sap 21 and xylobalsamum pliny scribonius largus celsus for balsam wood 22 all derived from greek plants edit assuming that the tsori was a plant product several plants have been proposed as its source 2 mastic edit celsius in hierobotanicon identified the tsori with the mastic tree pistacia lentiscus l the arabic name of this plant is dseri or dseru which is identical with the hebrew tsori rauwolf and pococke found the plant occurring at joppa 2 zukum edit ödmann sv and rosenmüller thought that the pressed juice of the fruit of the zukum tree elaeagnus angustifolia l or the myrobalanus of the ancients is the substance denoted but rosenmüller in another place mentioned the balsam of mecca amyris opobalsamum l now commiphora gileadensis l c chr as being probably the tsori zukum oil was in very high esteem among the arabs who even preferred it to the balm of mecca as being more efficacious in wounds and bruises maundrell found zukum trees near the dead sea hasselquist and pococke found them especially in the environs of jericho in the 19th century the only product in the region of gilead which had any affinity to balm or balsam was a species of eleagnus 2 4 terebinth edit bochart strongly contended that the balm mentioned in jer 8 22 could not possibly be that of gilead and considered it as the resin drawn from the terebinth 6 the biblical terebinth is hebrew eloh אֵלׇה pistacia terebinthus l 23 24 pine edit the greek word ῥητίνη used in the septuagint for translating tsori denotes a resin of the pine especially pinus maritima πεύκη 25 26 the aramaic tserua ܨܪܘܐ has been described as the fruit of pinus pinea l but it has also been held for stacte or storax 27 the greek ῥητίνη ξηρά is a species of pinaceae rich 28 cancamon edit the lexicographer bar seroshewai considered the arabic dseru ﺿﺮﻭ a tree of yemen known as kamkam ﮐﻤﮑﺎﻡ or kankam ﮐﻨﮑﺎﻡ syriac qazqamun ܩܙܩܡܘܢ greek κάγκαμον latin cancamum mentioned by dioscorides de materia medica 1 32 and pliny hist nat 12 44 12 98 27 29 30 cancamon has been held for commiphora kataf 30 but also as aleurites laccifer euphorbiaceae ficus spec artocarpeae and butea frondosa papilionaceae 31 sanskrit kunkuma कुनकुम is saffron crocus sativus 32 balm of mecca edit peter forsskål 1732 1763 found the plant occurring between mecca and medina he considered it to be the genuine balsam plant and named it amyris opobalsamum forsk together with two other varieties amyris kataf forsk and amyris kafal forsk 4 its arabic name is abusham or basham which is identical to the hebrew bosem or beshem 6 bruce found the plant occurring in abyssinia 2 in the 19th century it was discovered in the east indies also 4 linnaeus distinguished two varieties amyris gileadensis l amyris opobalsamum forsk and amyris opobalsamum l the variant found by belon in a garden near cairo brought there from arabia felix more recent naturalists lindley wight and walker have included the species amyris gileadensis l in the genus protium 4 botanists enumerate sixteen balsamic plants of this genus each exhibiting some peculiarity 6 there is little reason to doubt that the plants of the jericho balsam gardens were stocked with amyris gileadensis l or amyris opobalsamum which was found by bruce in abyssinia the fragrant resin of which is known in commerce as the balsam of mecca 2 according to de sacy the true balm of gilead or jericho has long been lost and there is only balm of mecca 6 the accepted name of the balsam plant is commiphora gileadensis l christ synonym commiphora opobalsamum 33 cedronella edit cedronella canariensis a perennial herb in the mint family is also known as balm of gilead or herb of gilead 34 flammability edit balsam oil was too volatile and flammable to be used as fuel clarification needed according to the 13th century liber ignium book of fires balsam was an ingredient of ancient incendiaries akin to greek fire 35 references edit groom 1981 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 gilead balm of cbtel vol 3 1894 pp 868 869 retrieved 21 october 2021 1 2 3 feliks 2007 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 balsam cbtel vol 1 1891 pp 628 629 osbaldeston 2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 balm cbtel vol 1 1891 pp 627 628 shabbat 26a cosmetics ej vol 5 2nd ed pp 229 231 berakhot 43a at sefaria org il lamentations rabbah 4 18 shabbat 26b צֳרִי hel p 863 צרה hel p 863 בֹּשֶׂם hel pp 141 142 βάλσαμον gel p 274 ὁπο βάλσᾰμον gel p 1063 βαλσαμίνη gel p 274 βάλσαμος gel p 274 ξῠλο βάλσᾰμον gel p 1019 ξῠλο βάλσᾰμον gel p 745 balsamum old p 224 opobalsamum old p 1254 xylobalsamum old p 2124 אֵלׇה hel p 18 löw 1881 pp 68 69 ῥητίνη gel p 1361 πεύκη gel p 1207 1 2 löw 1881 pp 58 59 langkavel 1866 κάγκαμον gel p 718 1 2 cancamum old p 264 dioscorides berendes ed 1902 p 76 williams 1872 sed p 232b hanuš et al 2005 plants for a...