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Text of the page (random words):
e soil of the bar region is fertile 8 the plains of fertile land have been created by the stream deposits driven by the many rivers flowing from the himalayas the region is predominantly inhabited by ethnic punjabis with various local punjabi tribes punjabi is the dominant language with major spoken dialects including jhangvi shahpuri dhanni and majhi 9 the origin of the punjabi folktales of heer ranjha and mirza sahiban also lie in this region the natural boundaries of the bar region stretch from the jhelum river in the north to the sutlej river in the south it is divided into sub regions the kirana bar between the jhelum river and the chenab river the sandal bar between the chenab river and the ravi river the ganji bar between the ravi river and the old bed of the beas river and the neeli bar between the old bed of the beas river and the sutlej river etymology edit the term bar in punjabi refers to land beyond settled areas typically describing wilderness or uncultivated plains 10 some suggest it may derive from the arabic word barr meaning barren land or uncultivated land though this origin is considered doubtful 11 12 the term bāṛ is commonly linked to the sanskrit root vri meaning to cover or to enclose which relates to terms like bár fence bári garden and bir forest 13 these terms are associated with boundaries enclosures or spaces that separate cultivated land from natural areas overall bāṛ refers to a boundary or enclosed space often separating human settlements from wilderness or uncultivated land history edit the bar region located in present day punjab province of pakistan has a history that dates back to the time of the harappan civilization with its earliest settlements dating to around 2600 bc over time the area evolved through various cultural and agricultural phases and today remains an important part of punjab known for its fertile lands and historical significance 14 15 scene on the river sutlej near pakpattan in the punjab the bar region was historically a sparsely populated tract of land between punjab s rivers due to low rainfall pastoral nomadism was supported by herding goats and camels communities moved seasonally between riverine areas in the dry months and the bar and thal lands after the rains remaining within the punjab plains year round unlike the nomads of balochistan and afghanistan 16 17 18 19 it has been of note that of sparsely populated land the barr country between the five rivers this area though possessing excellent natural soils for agriculture was but little cultivated owing to the very scanty rainfall that has always characterized the western punjab the barr country could and did however support an ecological system less demanding of the land than peasant agriculture this was a type of pastoral nomadism based primarily on the herding of goats and camels ² unlike the nomadism of baluchistan or afghanistan where pastoral tribes move between plains in the wet winter season and the mountains in the dry season the pastoralists of the western punjab moved only down to the riverain sic in the hot dry months and returned to the barr and thāl after rains never leaving the punjab plains and covering at the most a distance of less than one hundred miles ³ this pattern placed the peoples of the barr country in a symbiotic relationship with the settled peoples of the riverine area the pastoralists needed access to the rivers for their herds which placed them in a position of potential conflict with the riverine peoples but they were nevertheless dependent upon the agrarian based urban centers for trade moreover and this is an important theme to which i shall return shortly they were also dependent upon the riverine peoples for providing the rituals and belief structures that made up their religious system citation needed many tribes of the region embraced islam during the medieval period according to the jawahir i faridi jat clans such as the khokhars bhattis dhudhis hans johiyas and wattus converted during the time of baba farid 20 21 over time some of these tribes established their muslim ruled polities including the sial dynasty the pakpattan state and the johiyas who ruled parts of the jangladesh region 22 23 24 25 describing the region historian david gilmartin notes 26 were those pastoralists who circulated within the great punjab barrrs the arid doabs between the five rivers crossing the heart of western punjab these were the great pastoral tribes of the sutlej ravi and chenab whose migrations extended at the time of annexation to within thirty miles of lahore the kharrals the khatias the wattus the sials and many others they moved annually from fixed camps in the high barrr known as rahnas among the cattle nomads and jhoks among the camel nomads down to summer pastures along the rivers as the settlement officer of gugera observed t he immense herds of cattle which roam about the centre of both the barree and rechna doab remain in the vicinity of these ruhnas from the commencement of the rains till the end of february then when pasturage disappeared in the barr as the summer approached they moved down toward the banks of the rivers where vegetation moistened from the previous year s floods survived the hot weather during the 18th century the bar region witnessed upheaval during the nader shah invasion of 1739 the gondal chiefs resisted his forces and helped prevent the devastation of gondal bar in both gondal and sandal bars his army encountered small but organized local resistance 27 28 tomb of rai ahmad khan kharal in jhamra in the colonial period the bar region remained a center of resistance to british authority rai ahmad khan kharal a prominent chieftain of the kharal tribe from jhamra in sandal bar led a major rebellion during the indian rebellion of 1857 several bar tribes including the watto fatyana baghela kathia and johiya supported him 29 30 map of canals in the western part of punjab province british india published in the panjab north west frontier province and kashmir 1916 the british established a network of canal colonies across the bar region these projects transformed the landscape and attracted settlers from other parts of punjab turning the area into a fertile and agriculturally productive zone 31 32 demographics edit punjabis are native people of the region and speak jatki dialect along with closely related subdialects such as jhangvi and shahpuri 33 34 35 the major tribes of the region include bhattis bullas chadhars chaughtas gondals johiyas kathias khokhars kharals ranjhas sials tarars wattus and thaeems 36 37 38 39 sub regions of the bar region edit kirana bar kɪrāṇā bār punjabi کرانہ بار shahmukhi punjabi pronunciation kɪɾɑːnɑː bɑːɾ or gondal bar gōndal bār punjabi گوندل بار shahmukhi punjabi pronunciation ɡəndəl bɑːɾ is located between the jhelum river and the chenab river it includes the central and southern parts of chaj doab and includes the modern day districts of mandi bahauddin sargodha gujrat southern parts and the western parts of chiniot such as lalian along with parts of jhang district the region is named after the kirana hills a mountain range located in the area 40 and is also referred to as gondal bar after the gondal punjabi jat clan that dominated the region 41 the land is known for its agricultural richness particularly after the introduction of canal irrigation sandal bar sāndal bār punjabi ساندل بار shahmukhi punjabi pronunciation ˈsændəl bɑːɾ is located between the chenab and ravi rivers covering parts of rechna doab it includes the modern day districts of faisalabad jhang toba tek singh nankana sahib chiniot hafizabad khanewal vehari toba tek singh and parts of sheikhupura specifically safdarabad and sheikhupura the region is named after sandal the grandfather of the 16th century punjabi chieftain dulla bhatti known for his rebellion against the mughal empire rai ahmad khan kharal a punjabi muslim chieftain of the kharal tribe hailed from this region and led the resistance against british rule he was a prominent figure in the sandal bar and after his martyrdom he became a folk hero in punjabi literature neeli bar nīlī bār punjabi نیلی بار shahmukhi punjabi pronunciation niːlī bɑːɾ is located between the old bed of the beas and the sutlej river it includes the modern day districts of vehari pakpattan and okara specifically the dipalpur tehsil ganji bar gaṅjī bār punjabi گنجی بار shahmukhi punjabi pronunciation ɡənʤī bɑːɾ is located between the ravi and the old bed of the beas river this region includes the modern day districts of khanewal sahiwal and the cities of okara renala khurd and okara including parts of the dipalpur tehsil of okara district the area is known for its fertile soil which became suitable for agriculture after the introduction of irrigation systems districts of the bar region edit the indigenous people of the bar region speak the jatki dialect of punjabi which includes sub dialects such as jhangvi shahpuri and dhani while dhani is not spoken in the natural bar region areas outside its boundaries that speak the dhani and shahpuri sub dialects are still considered part of the bar due to cultural and linguistic ties the following districts are classified as bar bar districts of punjab pakistan faisalabad jhang toba tek singh hafizabad okara vehari khanewal pakpattan sargodha chiniot nankana sahib bahawalnagar mandi bahauddin sahiwal bahawalpur only hasilpur and khairpur tamewali sheikhupura only safdarabad and sheikhupura chakwal talagang jhelum only pind dadan khan and khewra attock where jatki dominates with 65 of the district s population speaking it khushab see also edit baar di boli kirana bar sandal bar ganji bar neeli bar doab references edit pir muḥammad ibrāhīm khan bahadur 1948 note on water rights of the pakistan government giving detailed history of the canals government printing press p 51 garewal sher muhammad 1985 pakistan way of life and culture publishers united limited p 16 glover william j 22 april 2025 reformatting agrarian life urban history from the countryside in colonial india stanford university press isbn 978 1 5036 4227 0 there are five main bars in the punjab the sandal bar in the rechna doab kirana bar and gondal bar both on the chaj doab and the neeli bar and ganji bar both on the bari doab hood james warren khan lutfe ali jawaid khalid 1970 water resources and related geology of dera ismāīl khān district west pakistan with reference to the availability of ground water for development u s government printing office 1981 district census report of name of district population census organisation statistics division government of pakistan 1984 grewal jagtar singh 1999 glossary the sikhs of the punjab 2nd ed cambridge university press pp xv isbn 8175960701 the bar region a historical perspective the nation 28 september 2015 retrieved 15 november 2024 same reference as above for soil fertility sir william wilson hunter imperial gazetteer of india clarendon press p 128 retrieved 14 november 2024 the language of the nomadic tribes who originally inhabited the bar is called jangli a form of western punjabi soofi mushtaq 13 june 2014 punjab notes bar forgotten glory of punjab dawn com retrieved 26 july 2025 bar in punjabi language means a threshold an outer space an area away from the human settlement a barrier between populated area and wild forest a natural jungle etc kaul pandit harikishan 1912 census of india 1911 vol xiv punjab part i p 353 kaul pandit harikishan 1912 census of india 1911 vol xiv punjab part i p 353 bar which is said to be derived from barr meaning land particularly barren land on the other hand we have terms like bár fence bári garden bárá enclosure and bir forest all connected with forest growth ordinarily derived from sanskrit vri to cover and bár meaning stack the arabic derivation is therefore doubtful guénon rené 2004 symbols of sacred science sophia perennis p 159 isbn 978 0 900588 77 8 beck roger b 1999 world history patterns of interaction evanston il mcdougal littell isbn 978 0 395 87274 1 q madella marco fuller dorian 18 january 2006 palaeoecology and the harappan civilization of south asia a reconsideration elsevier oclc 1103344632 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link maclagan e d 1892 census of india 1891 the punjab and its feudatories the report on the census bengal secretariat press p 38 chaudhuri k n 1990 asia before europe economy and civilisation of the indian ocean from the rise of islam to 1750 cup archive p 295 isbn 978 0 521 31681 1 bhattacharya neeladri 1 september 2019 the great agrarian conquest the colonial reshaping of a rural world state university of new york press p 342 isbn 978 1 4384 7741 1 the agricultural journal of india government of india central publication branch for the imperial council of agricultural research 1908 cug̲h̲tāʼī muḥammad ikrām 2006 babaji life and teachings of farid ud din ganj i shakar sang e meel publications p 298 isbn 978 969 35 1824 5 shri satya demystifying brahminism and re inventing hinduism volume 2 re inventing hinduism notion press isbn 978 1 946515 56 8 gilmartin david 14 april 2020 blood and water the indus river basin in modern history univ of california press p 93 isbn 978 0 520 35553 8 tod james crooke william 1920 annals and antiquities of rajasthan or the central and western rajput states of india university of california libraries london new york h milford oxford university press p 142 elliot sir henry miers 1869 memoirs on the history folk lore and distribution of the races of the north western provinces of india trübner company p 140 metcalf barbara daly 1 january 1984 moral conduct and authority the place of adab in south asian islam university of california press isbn 978 0 520 04660 3 gilmartin david 2015 blood and water the indus river basin in modern history oakland calif university of california press p 92 isbn 978 0 520 28529 3 shafqat tanveer mirza 1991 resistance themes in punjabi literature pp 30 31 ahsan aitzaz 1 august 2005 the indus saga roli books private limited isbn 978 93 5194 073 9 nadir shah was obviously passing through the gondal bar or the gondal scrubland located in the doab between the jhelum and chenab rivers largely inhabited by the hardy gondals a prominent jat tribe of the punjab general report on the administration of the punjab territories from 1856 57 to 1857 58 inclusive together with a brief account of the administration of the delhi territory from the re occupation of delhi up to may 1858 printed at the chronicle press by mahomed azeem 1854 punjab 1911 government records mutiny records correspondence and reports punjab government press chenab colony sr 1915 paras 38 45 f p young report on the colonisation of the rakh and mianali branches of the chenab canal lahore government printing press 1897 pp 2 5 solicitor professor bhupinder singh 15 may 2024 heirs of the land the sikhs of the great punjab authorhouse isbn 979 8 8230 8496 3 india linguistic sur...