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baryon number wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 baryon number vs quark number 2 particles not formed of quarks 3 conservation 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents baryon number 43 languages العربية беларуская català čeština чӑвашла deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն ido italiano 日本語 ქართული қазақша 한국어 кыргызча മലയാളം plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk polski português română русский slovenčina slovenščina svenska тоҷикӣ ไทย türkçe татарча tatarça українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia quantum number relating the quantity of quarks and antiquarks in a system this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources baryon number news newspapers books scholar jstor july 2013 learn how and when to remove this message flavour in particle physics flavour quantum numbers isospin i or i 3 charm c strangeness s topness t bottomness b related quantum numbers baryon number b lepton number l weak isospin t or t 3 electric charge q x charge x combinations hypercharge y y b s c b t y 2 q i 3 weak hypercharge y w y w 2 q t 3 x 2 y w 5 b l flavour mixing ckm matrix pmns matrix flavour complementarity v t e in particle physics the baryon number b is an additive quantum number of a system it is defined as b 1 3 n q n q displaystyle b frac 1 3 n_ text q n_ rm overline q where n q displaystyle n_ rm q is the number of quarks and n q displaystyle n_ rm overline q is the number of antiquarks baryons three quarks have b 1 mesons one quark one antiquark have b 0 and antibaryons three antiquarks have b 1 exotic hadrons like pentaquarks four quarks one antiquark and tetraquarks two quarks two antiquarks are also classified as baryons and mesons depending on their baryon number in the standard model b conservation is an accidental symmetry 1 which means that it appears in the standard model but is often violated when going beyond it physics beyond the standard model theories that contain baryon number violation are for example standard model with extra dimensions 2 supersymmetry grand unified theory and string theory baryon number vs quark number edit see also color charge quarks carry not only electric charge but also charges such as color charge and weak isospin because of a phenomenon known as color confinement a hadron cannot have a net color charge that is the total color charge of a particle has to be zero white a quark can have one of three colors dubbed red green and blue while an antiquark may be either anti red anti green or anti blue 3 for normal hadrons a white color can thus be achieved in one of three ways a quark of one color with an antiquark of the corresponding anticolor giving a meson with baryon number 0 three quarks of different colors giving a baryon with baryon number 1 three antiquarks of different anticolors giving an antibaryon with baryon number 1 the baryon number was defined long before the quark model was established so rather than changing the definitions particle physicists simply gave quarks one third the baryon number in theory exotic hadrons can be formed by adding pairs of quarks and antiquarks provided that each pair has a matching color anticolor for example a pentaquark four quarks one antiquark could have the individual quark colors red green blue blue and antiblue in 2015 the lhcb collaboration at cern reported results consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom lambda baryons λ 0 b 4 particles not formed of quarks edit particles without any quarks have a baryon number of zero such particles are leptons the electron muon tauon and their corresponding neutrinos vector bosons the photon w and z bosons gluons scalar boson the higgs boson second order tensor boson the hypothetical graviton conservation edit see also conservation law physics the law of conservation of baryon number was proposed in 1938 by ernst stueckelberg 5 6 baryon number is a conserved quantity in the sense that for perturbutative reactions in the standard model the total baryon number of the incoming particles is equal to the baryon number of the outgoing particles baryon number violation has never been observed experimentally 7 however neither baryon number nor lepton number can from theory be shown to be conserved quantities due to nonperturbative effects in the standard model 8 these effects are for example sphalerons and instantons the hypothesized adler bell jackiw anomaly in electroweak interactions 9 is an example of an electroweak sphaleron these reactions are massively suppressed at low energies temperatures 10 11 at high temperatures in for example the early universe they could explain electroweak baryogenesis and leptogenesis sphalerons can only change the baryon and lepton number by 3 or multiples of 3 the reactions create 3 leptons and 3 baryons or the corresponding antiparticles this is because the sum of baryon and lepton number see b l is a conserved quantity in the standard model 12 the hypothetical concepts of grand unified theory gut models and supersymmetry allows for the changing of a baryon into leptons and antiquarks see b l thus violating the conservation of both baryon and lepton numbers 13 proton decay would be an example of such a process taking place but has never been observed neutrinoless double beta decay is a reaction that would violate lepton number and neutron to antineutron oscillation would violate baryon number by 2 units 2 the conservation of baryon number is not consistent with the physics of black hole evaporation via hawking radiation 14 it is expected in general that quantum gravitational effects violate the conservation of all charges associated to global symmetries 15 the violation of conservation of baryon number led john archibald wheeler to speculate on a principle of mutability for all physical properties 16 searches for baryon number violation have been conducted in the following ways kamiokande in 1985 17 ill experiment in 1994 18 super kamiokande in 1999 19 two planned experiments are hyper kamiokande 20 hibeam 2 nnbar 21 see also edit lepton number flavour particle physics isospin hypercharge proton decay b l neutrinoless double beta decay references edit altmannshofer wolfgang davighi joe nardecchia marco 2019 09 18 gauging the accidental symmetries of the standard model and implications for the flavor anomalies physical review d 101 015004 arxiv 1909 02021 doi 10 1103 physrevd 101 015004 1 2 3 addazi a anderson k ansell s babu k s barrow j l baxter d v bentley p m berezhiani z bevilacqua r biondi r bohm c brooijmans g broussard l j cedercäll j crawford c 2021 07 01 new high sensitivity searches for neutrons converting into antineutrons and or sterile neutrons at the hibeam nnbar experiment at the european spallation source journal of physics g nuclear and particle physics 48 7 070501 arxiv 2006 04907 bibcode 2021jphg 48g0501a doi 10 1088 1361 6471 abf429 issn 0954 3899 nave r the color force archived from the original on august 20 2007 retrieved may 29 2021 r aaij et al lhcb collaboration 2015 observation of j ψp resonances consistent with pentaquark states in λ 0 b j ψk p decays physical review letters 115 7 072001 arxiv 1507 03414 bibcode 2015phrvl 115g2001a doi 10 1103 physrevlett 115 072001 pmid 26317714 s2cid 119204136 griffiths david 2008 09 26 introduction to elementary particles john wiley sons isbn 978 3 527 61847 7 stueckelberg helvetica physica acta vol 11 1938 pp 299 312 navas s amsler c gutsche t hanhart c hernández rey j j lourenço c masoni a mikhasenko m mitchell r e patrignani c schwanda c spanier s venanzoni g yuan c z agashe k 2024 08 01 review of particle physics physical review d 110 3 030001 doi 10 1103 physrevd 110 030001 hdl 20 500 11850 695340 kobach andrew 2016 07 10 baryon number lepton number and operator dimension in the standard model physics letters b 758 455 457 arxiv 1604 05726 bibcode 2016phlb 758 455k doi 10 1016 j physletb 2016 05 050 issn 0370 2693 t hooft g 1976 07 05 symmetry breaking through bell jackiw anomalies physical review letters 37 1 8 11 bibcode 1976phrvl 37 8t doi 10 1103 physrevlett 37 8 issn 0031 9007 klinkhamer f r manton n s 1984 11 15 a saddle point solution in the weinberg salam theory physical review d 30 10 2212 2220 bibcode 1984phrvd 30 2212k doi 10 1103 physrevd 30 2212 issn 0556 2821 klinkhamer f r nagel p 2017 07 12 su 3 sphaleron numerical solution physical review d 96 1 016006 arxiv 1704 07756 bibcode 2017phrvd 96a6006k doi 10 1103 physrevd 96 016006 beringer j arguin j f barnett r m copic k dahl o groom d e lin c j lys j murayama h wohl c g yao w m zyla p a amsler c antonelli m asner d m 2012 07 20 review of particle physics physical review d 86 1 010001 bibcode 2012phrvd 86a0001b doi 10 1103 physrevd 86 010001 hdl 10481 34377 issn 1550 7998 griffiths david 2008 introduction to elementary particles 2nd ed new york john wiley sons p 77 isbn 978 3 527 61847 7 archived from the original on 2024 04 28 retrieved 2020 10 12 in the grand unified theories new interactions are contemplated permitting decays such as p e π 0 or p ν μ π in which baryon number and lepton number change harlow daniel ooguri hirosi 2021 symmetries in quantum field theory and quantum gravity communications in mathematical physics 383 3 1669 1804 arxiv 1810 05338 doi 10 1007 s00220 021 04040 y kallosh renata linde andrei linde dmitri susskind leonard 1995 gravity and global symmetries physical review d 52 2 912 935 arxiv hep th 9502069 doi 10 1103 physrevd 52 912 kip s thorne ed october 28 1985 john archibald wheeler a few highlights of his contributions to physics between quantum and cosmos p 9 inspire inspirehep net retrieved 2025 03 18 cogswell b k ernst d j ufheil k t l gaglione j t malave j m 2019 03 12 neutrino oscillations the ill experiment revisited physical review d 99 5 053003 arxiv 1802 07763 bibcode 2019phrvd 99e3003c doi 10 1103 physrevd 99 053003 issn 2470 0010 inspire inspirehep net retrieved 2025 03 18 proto collaboration hyper kamiokande abe k abe ke aihara h aimi a akutsu r andreopoulos c anghel i anthony l h v 2018 11 28 hyper kamiokande design report arxiv 1805 04163 santoro v abou el kheir o acharya d akhyani m andersen k h barrow j bentley p bernasconi m bertelsen m beßler y bianchi a brooijmans g broussard l brys t busi m 2024 05 03 highness conceptual design report volume ii the nnbar experiment journal of neutron research 25 3 4 315 406 doi 10 3233 jnr 230951 issn 1023 8166 authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title baryon_number oldid 1361050786 categories baryons conservation laws nuclear physics quantum chromodynamics quarks standard model flavour particle physics quantum numbers hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from july 2013 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 25 june 2026 at 09 00 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you 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