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it view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia writing systems for the bashkir language the bashkir alphabet bashkir башҡорт әлифбаһы romanized başqort əlifbahı is a writing system used for the bashkir language until the mid 19th century bashkir speakers wrote in the volga türki literary language using the arabic script in 1869 russian linguist mirsalikh bekchurin published the first guide to bashkir grammar and the first cyrillic bashkir introductory book was published by vasily katarinsky in orenburg in 1892 latinisation was first discussed in june 1924 when the first draft of the bashkir alphabet using the latin script was created more reforms followed culminating in the final version in 1938 history edit early period edit until the mid 19th century bashkir speakers wrote in the volga türki literary language using the arabic script many works of bashkir literature were written in volga türki including bashkir shezhere genealogies of the bashkir people batyrsha s letter to empress elizaveta the orders of salawat yulayev as well as works from the poets a kargaly tadgetdin yalsigul al bashkordi h salikhov gali sokoroy miftahetdin akmulla and mukhametsalim umetbaev the influence of spoken bashkir is noticeable in many works from the period 1 2 the first attempts to create a writing system that fully represented the bashkir language began in the middle of the 19th century with writers attempting to adapt the cyrillic alphabet one such proponent was turkologist and linguist nikolay ilminsky in his work introductory reading in the turkish tatar language course 3 in 1869 russian linguist mirsalikh bekchurin published the first guide to bashkir grammar in the book an initial guide to the study of arabic persian and tatar languages with the adverbs of bukhara bashkirs kyrgyz and residents of turkestan 4 the first cyrillic bashkir introductory book was published by vasily katarinsky in orenburg in 1892 with his proposed alphabet excluding the letters ё й ѳ and ѵ from the contemporaneous cyrillic alphabet and including the additional characters of ä г̇ ҥ ö ӳ another primer was prepared at the end of the 19th century by nikolaï katanov de using the umlaut ӓ ә ӧ ө ӟ ҙ к̈ ҡ ӱ и etc however this work was never published 4 in 1907 alexander bessonov published the primer for the bashkirs this publication proposed that alphabet included all the letters of the cyrillic alphabet of the time except for ё and й and added the characters ӓ г̣ д̣ fr ҥ ӧ с̣ fr and ӱ five years later mstislav kulaev mukhametkhan kulaev published the basics of onomatopoeia and the alphabet for bashkirs reprinted in 1919 again making use of the cyrillic alphabet in conjunction with new characters 5 6 arabic alphabet edit in july 1921 the 2nd all bashkir congress of soviets decided to create their own script for bashkir as the state language of the bashkir assr in december 1922 the congress formed a commission for the development of a new official alphabet and spelling at the assr s academic center of the people s commissariat of education this alphabet remained in use until the official adoption of latin alphabet in 1930 7 the commission adapted the arabic alphabet to the needs of bashkir phonology the commission excluded some letters and normalized the spelling of vowels the process wasn t without controversy during the conference 3 proposals came to be considered old orthography iśke imlä middle orthography urta imlä and new orthography yaña imlä old orthography was the existing old bashkir written tradition that was in use for centuries in bashkortostan middle orthography was a middle ground modification that proposed modifying the alphabet to match bashkir phonology but not too radically this orthography is to have 6 vowels and rely on context or a marker for indicating the specific vowel sounds of each word its proponents argued that this orthography would be the most realistic and it will be the easiest to implement new orthography proposed a radical modification specifically to add 9 vowels at the end of the day new orthography was deemed too unrealistic to implement as printing presses in the region did not have the required letter types thus middle orthography was adopted and was referred to as new orthography yaña imlä in contrast with the old 7 the new writing system used a hamza on ya ئـ ئ at the beginning of words that start with vowels 8 the alphabet underwent several minor iterations of changes and updates to the orthographic conventions between 1924 and 1930 the officially approved alphabet contained the following consonant and vowel letters 7 9 bashkir arabic alphabet consonant arabic cyrillic ipa ب б б b β پ п п p ت т т t ث ҫ ҫ θ ج җ җ d͡ʒ چ ч ч tʃ ح х х χ د д д d ذ ҙ ҙ ð arabic cyrillic ipa ر р р r ز з з z ژ ж ж ʐ س с с s ش ш ш ʃ ع ғ ғ ʁ ف ф ф ɸ ق ҡ ҡ q ك к к k arabic cyrillic ipa گ г г g ڭ ң ң ŋ ɴ ل л л l م м м m ن н н n و у у ү ү w ھ һ һ h ی й й j ئ ъ ъ ь ь ʔ arabic cyrillic ipa ۋ в в v w bashkir arabic alphabet vowels rounded unrounded close open close open back arabic ࢭئو ࢭـو ࢭئۇ ࢭـۇ ࢭئـ ࢭـىُـ ࢭىُ ئا ا ـا cyrillic latin у у u u о о o o ы ы i ı а а a a ipa u ʊ ɯ ɑ front arabic ئو ـو ئۇ ـۇ ئيـ یـ ی ئـ ـىُـ ىُ ئە ـە ە cyrillic latin ү ү ü ü ө ө ö ö и и i̇ i э э е е ee ә ә ä ä ipa ʏ ø e ɪ æ similar to other turkic languages bashkir has vowel harmony rules bashkir orthography has two dimensional vowel harmony rules front versus back vowels and rounded versus unrounded vowels there are 9 vowel sounds in bashkir but the orthography only offers 6 letters ئا ئە یـ ىُـ و ۇ thus in order to determine how a vowel letter is pronounced reliance either on a special diacritic or on word context is required low alef ࢭ has a unique role in bashkir and tatar arabic scripts a role not seen in other arabic scripts bashkir arabic script makes use of this special diacritic u 08ad ࢭ arabic letter low alef and it can only ever come at the beginning of words it never comes in the middle or end of words low alef doesn t represent any sound in bashkir instead it indicates that the vowels in the word will be the following back vowels 7 9 ࢭئـ ࢭىُ ы ы i ı ࢭئۇ ࢭۇ о о o o ࢭئو ࢭو у у u u the logic essentially is that low alef indicates that the vowels of the word are articulated in the same part of the mouth as an ɑ sound which is written with an alif ئا ا i e at back of the mouth the corresponding front vowel pairs of the three aforementioned back vowels are the following ئـ ىُ э э е е e e ئۇ ۇ ө ө ӧ ӧ ئو و ү ү ü ü hamza plays a similar but inverse role in kazakh arabic alphabet marking that vowels in a word will be front vowels there are exceptions in bashkir orthography meaning words that will have back vowels but won t have low alef written for them first are words that contain the vowel alef а а a a shown in arabic script as ئا ا ـا this vowel is a back vowel and its corresponding front vowel pair is written with a different letter altogether thus it is an unambiguous conclusion that any word containing alef will have all its other vowels as back vowels too thus the low alef will be redundant and so it s not written for example the word йорт yort meaning house is written with low alef as ࢭیۇرت but in its plural form йорттар yorttar is written as یۇرتتار inversely words that contain the vowel ә ә ä ä shown in arabic script as ئە ـە ە or и и i̇ i shown in arabic script as ئیـ ـیـ ی are unambiguously words in which all vowels will be front vowels the second exception is words that contain the following consonants г г g g گ ғ ғ ğ ğ ع к к k k ك ҡ ҡ q q ق as per bashkir phonology the letters г г g g گ and к к k k ك can only be accompanied by front vowels thus there won t be any words containing these consonants that would need low alef in contrast the letters ғ ғ ğ ğ ع and ҡ ҡ q q ق can only be accompanied by back vowels this means that they themselves act as indicators that vowels in a word are back vowels thus eliminating a need for low alef for example the word йылы yılı meaning warm is written as ࢭیلىُ whereas a derived word such as йылылыҡ yılılıq meaning heat is written as یلىُلق the rejected new orthography yaña imlä proposal would not have had reliance on such orthographic conventions as those mentioned above for the actually adopted middle orthography instead this orthography was to have 9 vowels one per each sound as shown on the below table vowels in the rejected new orthography proposal for bashkir cyrillic latin arabic final medial isolated initial а а a a ا ـا ا ئا ә ә ä ä ـە ە ـىَـ ىَـ ئىَـ ы ы i ı ىُٖـ ـىُٖـ ىُٖـ ئىُٖـ е е э э e e ىُـ ـىُـ ىُـ ئىُـ и и i̇ i ىِـ ـىِـ ىِـ ئىِـ о о o o ۈ ـۈ ۈ ئۈ у у u u وٓ ـوٓ وٓ ئوٓ ө ө ö ö ۇ ـۇ ۇ ئۇ ү ү ü ü و ـو و ئو latin alphabet edit bashkir alphabet in başqort tele imləhe 1930 the bashkir assr academic center began discussing latinisation in june 1924 and drafted a bashkir alphabet using the latin script later that year 10 that draft was later modified according to the following suggestions 5 cyrillic latin һ h х ħ ѕ ȗ fr ə ң n̑ ш ŝ ҫ t ый o f ĵ ԝ ŭ җ ĝ j in june 1927 the all union committee of the new turkic alphabet approved a single alphabet for the turkic peoples of the ussr yañalif with the additional letters đ đ ð and ѣ ѣ θ the bashkir latinized alphabet was again revised to align with this standard and on 6 july 1930 the central executive committee of the bashkir assr officially approved the new revision in may 1933 at the conference of the bashkir scientific research institute of language and literature the letter ç ç was removed the digraph ьj was similarly eliminated in 1938 following these reforms the bashkir latinized alphabet existed as follows 8 a a b ʙ v v g g ƣ ƣ d d đ đ e e ƶ ƶ z z i i j j k k q q l l m m n n ŋ ŋ o o ɵ ɵ p p r r s s ҍ ҍ t t u u y y f f x x h h c c ş ş ь ь ə ə today bashkir latin alphabet based on the common turkic alphabet is in use citation needed it has 2 additional letters representing special consonant sounds đđ ð and ŧŧ θ citation needed a a ä ä b b c c ç ç d d đ đ e e f f g g ğ ğ h h x x i ı i̇ i j j k k q q l l m m n n ñ ñ o o ö ö p p r r s s ş ş t t ŧ ŧ u u ü ü v v w w y y z z cyrillic alphabet edit final version alternative version ә э ӓ а̄ ү ӳ уь ӱ ӯ һ һь хъ гх ҳ хь ҙ дз д́ дь q ӟ дъ ҫ с̈ сь ԑ ц с́ тсь ө ӧ оь о̋ ō ǫ ң нг нъ ң н́ н̄ ҥ ғ гь ѵ гг ѓ ҡ кь k кк к̄ historical and current alphabets edit compiled by 8 5 cyrillic 1940 present latin 1930 1940 latin 1924 project 11 kulayev s alphabet arabic а а a a а а ا б б b ʙ b b б б ب в в v v v v ۋ w w و г г g g г г گ ғ ғ ƣ ƣ ĝ ĝ غ д д d d д д د ҙ ҙ đ đ dh dh ذ е е э э e e э э ь ь ئ ё ё ж ж ƶ ƶ ж ж ژ дж ç ç before 1933 j j ج з з z z з з ز и и i i и и ئی й й j j ј ј ی к к k k к к ك ҡ ҡ q q һ һ ق л л l l л л ل м м m m м м م н н n n н н ن ң ң ꞑ ꞑ ҥ ҥ ڭ о о o o ࢭئۇ ө ө ɵ ɵ ö ö ئۇ п п p p п п پ р р r r р р ر с с s s с с س ҫ ҫ ҍ ҍ th th ث т т t t t t т т ت у у u u у у ࢭئو ү ү y y ü ü ئو ф ф f f ф ф ف х х x x х х ح һ һ h h ھ ц ц ч ч c c چ ш ш ş ş ç ç ш ш ش щ щ ьj ьj before 1939 y y ࢭىُی ъ ъ ы ы ь ь ə ə ъ ъ ࢭئ ь ь ә ә ə ə e e ئە ю ю я я sample of the scripts edit article 1 of the universal declaration of human rights барлыҡ barlıq кешеләр keşelər ирекле irekle дәрәжәләре dərəjələre һәм həm хоҡуҡтары xoquqtarı тигеҙ tigeź булып bulıp тыуалар tıwalar улар ular аҡыл aqıl һәм həm выждан vıjdan эйәһе eyəhe һәм həm бер береһенә ber berehenə ҡарата qarata ҡәрҙәшлек qərźəşlek рухында ruxında хәрәкәт xərəkət итергә itergə тейештәр teyeştər барлыҡ кешеләр ирекле дәрәжәләре һәм хоҡуҡтары тигеҙ булып тыуалар улар аҡыл һәм выждан эйәһе һәм бер береһенә ҡарата ҡәрҙәшлек рухында хәрәкәт итергә тейештәр barlıq keşelər irekle dərəjələre həm xoquqtarı tigeź bulıp tıwalar ular aqıl həm vıjdan eyəhe həm ber berehenə qarata qərźəşlek ruxında xərəkət itergə teyeştər all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood references edit языки российской федерации и соседних государств vol i 385 экз ed м наука 2001 pp 173 176 isbn 5 02 022647 5 письменные языки мира российская федерация vol i м 2000 p 74 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link р м латыпова 2014 деятельность н и ильминского в создании башкирского алфавита universum филология и искусствоведение 1 2 л м хусаинова 2017 алфавиты башкирского языка в xix начале xx вков вестник оренбургского государственного университета vol 3 no 203 pp 37 42 1 2 3 ҡ з әхмәров 2012 башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан 2 1500 экз ed өфө китап isbn 978 5 295 05619 2 л м хусаинова 2012 башкирское письмо 300 экз ed стерлитамак стерлитамакский филиал башгу p 99 1 2 3 4 ahmarov qasim zakirovich 2012 history of bashkir writing башҡорт яҙыуы тарихынан pdf in bashkir 2 ed ufa kitap p 184 isbn 978 5 295 05619 2 archived from the original on 12 november 2023 retrieved 23 july 2024 cite book cs1 maint bot original url status unknown link 1 2 3 биишев а г 1972 о башкирском алфавите about the bashkir alphabet вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков ссср improving the alphabets of turkic languages of the ussr pdf in russian м наука pp 49 58 1 2 ishbulatov gali ғәли ишбулатов 1988 ғәрәп яҙмаһын өйрәнеүселәргә әлифба arabic script for learners of the alphabet pdf in bashkir 2nd ed ufa bashkortostan book publishing house м з закиев 2005 тюрко татарское письмо история состояние и перспективы м инсан p 71 isbn 5 85840 330 1 project for a tatar bashkir alphabet as published in the newspaper эшче 18 july 1924 курбатов хәлиф рәхим улы 1960 татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы kazan tatar book publishers p 71 v t e turkic languages list of turkic languages reconstructed proto turkic oghur bulgar chuvash onogur common turkic argu khalaj karluk western uzbek northern uzbek southern uzbek eastern ili turki uyghur khoton lop äynu old chagatai karakhanid khorezmian kipchak bulgar bashkir tatar mishar tatar nagaibak old tatar cuman armeno kipchak crimean tatar cuman karachay balkar karaim krymchak kumyk mamluk kipchak urum kyrgyz fergana kipchak kyrgyz pamir kyrgyz siberian tatar baraba tatar tom tatar southern altai telengit teleut nogai karakalpak kazakh nogai siberian tatar tobol irtysh tatar oghuz northern salar eastern khorasani turkic turkmen trukhmen southern afshari chaharmahali turkic qashqai sonqori western azerbaijani north azerbaijani south azerbaijani ajem turkic balkan gagauz gagauz karapapakh turkish tsalka karamanli turkish old anatolian turkish ottoman turkish siberian northern dolgan yakut southern chulym lower chulym sayan steppe tuvan taiga dukhan soyot tofa tuha yenisei fuyu kyrgyz khakas kamas turk northern altai chelkan kumandy tuba shor western yugur old old uyghur orkhon turki...