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ignatios whose claims were supported by pope adrian ii 3 foreign affairs edit the sicilian stronghold of syracuse falls to the arabs in 878 emperor basil s reign was marked by the troublesome ongoing war with the heretical paulicians centered on tephrike on the upper euphrates who rebelled allied with the arabs and raided as far as nicaea sacking ephesus basil s general christopher defeated the paulicians in 872 and the death of their leader chrysocheir led to the definite subjection of their state 33 basil was the first byzantine emperor since constans ii r 641 668 to pursue an active policy to restore the empire s power in the west basil allied with holy roman emperor louis ii r 850 875 against the arabs and sent a fleet of 139 ships to clear the adriatic sea of their raids with byzantine help louis ii captured bari from the arabs in 871 the city eventually became byzantine territory in 876 however the byzantine position in sicily deteriorated and syracuse fell to the emirate of sicily in 878 this was ultimately basil s fault as he had diverted a relief fleet from sicily to haul marble for a church instead although most of sicily was lost the general nikephoros phokas the elder succeeded in taking taranto and much of calabria in 880 the successes in the italian peninsula opened a new period of byzantine domination there above all the byzantines were beginning to establish a strong presence in the mediterranean sea and especially the adriatic 34 the army under nikephoros phokas the elder captures the city of amantia in italy last years and succession edit santabarenos the monk advises prince leo to carry a knife basil i and his son leo leo is discovered carrying a knife in the emperor s presence basil s spirits declined in 879 when his eldest and favourite son constantine died basil now raised his youngest son alexander to the rank of co emperor basil disliked the bookish leo on occasion physically beating him he probably suspected leo of being the son of michael iii in his later years basil s relationship with leo was clouded by the suspicion that the latter might wish to avenge the murder of michael iii leo was eventually imprisoned by basil after theodore santabarenos informed him of a plot against him but the imprisonment resulted in public rioting basil threatened to blind leo but was dissuaded by patriarch photios leo was eventually released after the passage of three years 35 basil died on 29 august 886 36 from a fever contracted after a serious hunting accident when his belt was caught in the antlers of a deer and he was allegedly dragged 25 kilometres 16 mi through the woods he was saved by an attendant who cut him loose with a knife but he suspected the attendant of trying to assassinate him and had the man executed shortly before he himself died 37 one of the first acts of leo vi as ruling emperor was to rebury with great ceremony the remains of michael iii in the imperial mausoleum within the church of the holy apostles in constantinople this did much to confirm in public opinion the view that leo considered himself to have been michael s son 38 family edit basil i and his son constantine some modern controversy and historical ambiguity surrounds basil i s personal life especially given a lack of contemporaneous sources one question that has emerged in modern scholarship is whether or not basil was involved in same sex relationships and if such relationships played a role in his unlikely rise to power historian shaun fitzroy tougher cites a history written by george the monk 39 that uses the greek word pothos to describe basil s relationship with michael a word which had historically been used in some greek christian sources to describe the desire between a wife and a husband 40 however within the law code the basilika inaugurated by basil i the illegal nature of male homosexuality and its largely theoretical capital punishment were retained in full 41 42 aspects of the family relationships of basil i are likewise uncertain and open to a variety of interpretations therefore the information given below should not be treated as comprehensive or definite 43 by his first wife maria basil i had several children including bardas anastasia who married the general christopher constantine c 860 3 september 879 crowned emperor in january 868 according to george alexandrovič ostrogorsky constantine was betrothed to ermengard of provence daughter of louis ii holy roman emperor and engelberga in 869 the marital contract was broken in 871 when relations between basil and louis broke down by eudokia ingerina basil i had the following children leo vi who succeeded as byzantine emperor and may actually have been a son of michael iii stephen i patriarch of constantinople who may also actually have been a son of michael iii alexander who succeeded as byzantine emperor in 912 anna porphyrogenita a nun at the convent of st euphemia in petrion helena porphyrogenita a nun at the convent of st euphemia in petrion maria porphyrogenita a mother of nuns at the convent of st euphemia in petrion leo vi s son constantine vii wrote a biography of his grandfather the vita basilii around 950 44 in popular culture edit harry turtledove a historian noted for his speculative fiction based on alternative history has written several series set in a place called videssos which is a thinly disguised byzantine empire the tale of krispos trilogy krispos rising 1991 krispos of videssos 1991 and krispos the emperor 1994 are fictionalized retellings of the rise of basil 45 stephen lawhead s book byzantium 1996 uses the succession of basil i as seed for the conspiracy which occupies most of the novel 46 robert greene s book the 48 laws of power 1998 features basil i s rise to power by way of his interactions and later his manipulations of michael iii as an example of a transgression of the law for law 2 never put too much trust in friends learn how to use enemies 47 see also edit byzantine empire portal list of byzantine emperors notes edit some modern authorities give 23 september 21 but this is a mistake the origin of the confusion can be traced to j b bury s history of the eastern roman empire 1912 bury citing the theophanes continuatus first gives michael s death as 24 september 22 but then inexplicably changes it to 23 september later in the book 23 the name of the father of basil is unrecorded however byzantine naming conventions are sometimes used to predict that of a relative the names of basil s male siblings and other relatives are recorded from later in his reign 24 25 a man named john of chaldia killed michael iii cutting off both the emperor s hands before returning to stab him in the heart 26 references edit citations edit brubaker 1999 pp 6 152 162 p zepos 1931 leges imperatorum isaurorum et macedonum p 114 1 2 3 treadgold 1997 p 455 1 2 vasiliev 1928 1935 p 301 1 2 3 4 pmbz basileios i 832 add corr 1 2 tobias 2007 p 20 pmbz pankalo 5679 treadgold 1997 p 455 finlay 1853 p 213 kargakos sarantos i 1999 historia tou hellēnikou kosmou kai tou meizonos chōrou eurōpē asia aphrikē amerikē 1 ekd ed athēna gutenberg pp 580 581 isbn 960 01 0822 6 oclc 44045861 tobias 2007 p 24 tobias 2007 p 264 1 2 3 bury 1911 gregory 2010 p 242 head 1980 pp 231 232 greenwalt william s 1999 women in world history a biographical encyclopedia internet archive waterford ct yorkin publications pp 344 345 isbn 978 0 7876 3736 1 herrin judith 2002 women in purple rulers of medieval byzantium internet archive london phoenix pp 228 229 isbn 978 1 84212 529 8 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link 1 2 theophanes continuatus iv 43 treadgold 1997 p 453 theophanes continuatus iv 44 encyclopaedia britannica 2021 michael iii bury 1912 p 177 bury 1912 p 469 tougher 1997 p 26 herlong m 1987 kinship and social mobility in byzantium 717 959 catholic university of america pp 76 77 finlay 1853 pp 180 181 treadgold 1997 pp 453 455 finlay 1853 pp 214 215 finlay 1853 pp 221 226 mango 1986 p 194 magdalino 1987 p 51 alexander 1962 p 349 jenkins 1987 p 191 jenkins 1987 pp 185 187 jenkins 1987 pp 196 197 constantine vii 960 de ceremoniis ii 52 treadgold 1997 p 461 finlay 1853 p 241 harmatolos george operum omnium conspectus www documentacatholicaomnia eu retrieved 21 january 2023 tougher shaun fitzroy 1999 michael iii and basil the macedonian just good friends in james liz ed desire and denial in byzantium papers from the 31st spring symposium of byzantine studies brighton march 1997 routledge pp 149 158 isbn 978 0860787884 morris s 2011 the gay male as byzantine monster civil legislation and punishment for same sex behaviour in the horrid looking glass reflections on monstrosity yoder p l and kreuter p m eds brill leiden isbn 9781904710158 p 125 dynes w r ed 2016 encyclopedia of homosexuality vol i abingdon taylor francis p 182 isbn 9781317368151 tougher 1997 pp 7 8 30 31 42 50 kazhdan cutler 1991 turtledove harry 25 july 2006 introduction in martin george r r dick philip k mccaffrey anne eds the best military science fiction of the 20th century stories random house publishing group p xii isbn 9780345494290 retrieved 27 august 2018 byzantium by stephen r lawhead kirkus reviews 15 july 1996 retrieved 27 august 2018 greene robert 1998 the 48 laws of power elffers joost 1st ed new york viking p 9 isbn 0 670 88146 5 oclc 39733201 primary sources edit recent years have seen the first translations into english of a number of primary sources about basil i and his times featherstone jeffrey michael and signes codoñer juan translators chronographiae quae theophanis continuati nomine fertur libri i iv chronicle of theophanes continuatus books i iv comprising the reigns of leo v the armenian to michael iii berlin boston de gruyter 2015 kaldellis a trans on the reigns of the emperors the history of joseph genesios canberra australian association for byzantine studies byzantina australiensia 11 1998 ševčenko ihor trans chronographiae quae theophanis continuati nomine fertur liber quo vita basilii imperatoris amplectitur chronicle of theophanes continuatus comprising the life of basil i berlin de gruyter 2011 wahlgren staffan translator writer of introduction and commentary the chronicle of the logothete liverpool university press translated texts for byzantinists vol 7 2019 wortley john trans a synopsis of byzantine history 811 1057 the history of john scylitzes active 1081 cambridge university press 2010 secondary sources edit alexander paul j 1962 the strength of empire and capital as seen through byzantine eyes speculum 37 no 3 july 3 339 357 doi 10 2307 2852356 jstor 2852356 s2cid 155080903 bury john bagnell 1911 basil i in chisholm hugh ed encyclopædia britannica vol 03 11th ed cambridge university press p 467 brubaker leslie 1999 vision and meaning in ninth century byzantium image as exegesis in the homilies of gregory of nazianzus cambridge university press isbn 9780521621533 finlay george 1853 history of the byzantine empire from dccxvi to mlvii edinburgh scotland london england william blackwood and sons gregory timothy e 2010 a history of byzantium malden massachusetts west sussex england wiley blackwell isbn 978 1 4051 8471 7 head constance 1980 physical descriptions of the emperors in byzantine historical writing byzantion 50 1 peeters publishers 226 240 jstor 44170616 jenkins romilly 1987 byzantium the imperial centuries ad 610 1071 toronto ontario university of toronto press isbn 0 8020 6667 4 kazhdan alexander cutler anthony 1991a basil i oxford dictionary of byzantium oxford university press p 260 isbn 978 0 19 504652 6 kazhdan alexander cutler anthony 1991 vita basilii in kazhdan alexander ed the oxford dictionary of byzantium oxford and new york oxford university press pp 2180 2181 isbn 0 19 504652 8 lilie ralph johannes ludwig claudia zielke beate pratsch thomas eds 2013 prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen zeit in german de gruyter magdalino paul 1987 observations on the nea ekklesia of basil i jahrbuch der österreichischen byzantinistik 37 51 64 issn 0378 8660 mango cyril 1986 the art of the byzantine empire 312 1453 sources and documents university of toronto press isbn 978 0 8020 6627 5 tobias norman 2007 basil i founder of the macedonian dynasty a study of the political and military history of the byzantine empire in the ninth century lewiston ny the edwin mellen press isbn 978 0 7734 5405 7 tougher s 1997 the reign of leo vi 886 912 politics and people leiden brill publishers isbn 9004108114 treadgold warren t 1997 a history of the byzantine state and society stanford ca stanford university press isbn 9780804726306 vasiliev alexander alexandrovich 1928 1935 history of the byzantine empire madison wisconsin the university of wisconsin press isbn 0 299 80925 0 cite book isbn date incompatibility help vogt albert hausherr isidorous eds 1932 oraison funèbre de basile i par son fils léon vi le sage orientalia christiana periodica in french 26 77 rome italy pontificium institutum orientalium studiorum 39 78 further reading edit bury john bagnell 1912 a history of the eastern roman empire from the fall of irene to the accession of basil i a d 802 867 macmillan and company mango cyril 1973 eudocia ingerina the normans and the macedonian dynasty zbornik radova vizantološkog instituta 14 15 17 27 doi 10 30965 9783657760374_019 s2cid 240457579 živković tibor 2013 on the baptism of the serbs and croats in the time of basil i 867 886 pdf studia slavica et balcanica petropolitana 1 33 53 footnotes edit 1 2 may have actually been michael iii s son full title attested to in the prochiron αὐτοκράτωρ καῖσαρ βασίλειος εὐτυχής εὐσεβής εὐτυχής ἔνδοξος νικητής τροπαιοῦχος ἀεισέβαστος πιστός αὐγουστος autokrator caesar basil fortunate pious renowned victorious triumphant ever venerable faithful augustus 2 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to basileios i basil i world history encyclopedia basil i macedonian dynasty born c 811 died 29 august 886 regnal titles preceded by michael iii byzantine emperor 867 886 with constantine 868 879 leo vi 870 86 and alexander 879 86 succeeded by leo vi court offices preceded by damian parakoimomenos 865 866 succeeded by rentakios political offices vacant title last held by michael iii roman consul 867 vacant title next held by leo vi v t e roman and byzantine emperors and empresses regnant principate 27 bc ad 235 augustus tiberius caligula claudius nero galba otho vitellius vespasian titus domitian nerva trajan hadrian antoninus pius marcus aurelius lucius verus commodus pertinax didius julianus septimius severus caracalla geta macrinus w diadumenian elagabalus severus alexander crisis 235 284 maximinus i gordian i gordian ii pupienus balbinus gordian iii philip i w philip ii decius w herennius etruscus licinian trebonianus gallus w hostilian volusianus aemilianus silbannacus valerian gallienus w saloninus claudius ii quintillus aurelian tacitus florianus probus carus carinus numerian later roman empire 284 641 diocletian maximi...