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Text of the page (random words):
d perpendicularly up the wall or fence 1 147 the entire area between foul lines including the foul lines themselves is considered fair territory 1 147 anything not in fair territory is considered foul territory 1 149 in general batted balls are judged by where they land first contact the ground or are first touched by a player that is a batted ball landing in fair territory or first touched by a player in fair territory is fair while a batted ball landing in foul territory or first touched by a player in foul territory is foul however batted balls that have not yet reached first base or third base are judged on either where they are initially touched by a player or where they come to rest 1 147 for example if a batted ball lands in foul territory between home and first base then rolls into fair territory and is touched there or comes to rest there it is fair likewise if a batted ball lands in fair territory between home and first base then rolls into foul territory and is touched there or comes to rest there it is foul 1 146 147 that a batted ball hit into the ground has to pass first base or third base in fair territory to be considered fair originated in response to fair foul hitting of the 1860s and 1870s 2 batters would intentionally hit the ball into the ground in fair territory near home plate at an angle that would send it into foul territory away from the fielders allowing the batter to reach first base successfully 2 dickey pearce a well known and respected player of the era is credited with inventing the tactic 2 effect edit fielders can attempt to make an out by catching any ball hit in the air fair or foul as long as it is still in play 1 39 balls that leave the field of play such as by going into spectator areas or the dugouts are out of play for balls on the ground fielders can attempt to make an out on fair balls only a batted ball that clears the outfield fence in fair territory is a home run 1 22 since 1931 whether such a batted ball is fair or foul is judged on its position when it leaves the field that is where it is as it passes over the outfield fence or wall 3 previously the ball had to be fair when last seen to be ruled a home run 4 also since 1931 the ball must clear the fence or wall on the fly to be a home run previously the ball could bounce over and still be considered a home run such a batted ball is now an automatic double 5 6 a foul ball normally counts as a strike unless the batter already has had two strikes assessed against them in which case the count does not change treating foul balls as strikes was adopted by the national league in 1901 and the american league in 1903 3 there are specific rules for foul tips and foul bunts which are described below in slow pitch softball a foul ball always counts as a strike even when the batter already has two strikes 7 characterization edit major league baseball mlb uses four characterizations for all batted balls put into play 8 9 10 11 an outfielder about to catch a fly ball fly ball edit a fly ball is a batted ball hit in an arcing manner 1 147 for statistical purposes a mlb uses the term fly ball for such balls that go into the outfield and a separate term pop up below for such balls that stay in the infield 9 fielders attempt to catch fly balls on their descent and an out is recorded if the ball is caught before it hits the ground 12 under early baseball rules a fly ball caught on a bounce also resulted in an out this was abolished for fair balls in 1864 and for foul balls in 1883 6 pop up edit a pop up is a fly ball that does not travel far rather than going into the outfield it is hit to the infield 8 such a batted ball may under specific circumstances be deemed an infield fly by an umpire which has special consideration as outlined below 13 188 line drive edit an infielder about to field a ground ball a line drive colloquially a liner or rope is a batted ball hit in a nearly straight line usually not far above the ground 14 batters are usually most successful when they hit line drives reaching base over 70 of the time as compared to about 25 of the time on ground balls or fly balls 15 ground ball edit a ground ball colloquially a grounder is a batted ball hit at a low enough trajectory that it contacts the ground a short distance after being hit and rolls or bounces close to the ground 1 149 the term is not used for fly balls pop ups or line drives that are uncaught and happen to contact the ground citation needed statistics edit j d martinez batting in 2012 mlb com provides statistics for hitters using the above four categories as part of a batted ball profile for example during the 2022 season for the balls that designated hitter j d martinez of the boston red sox put into play 38 2 were ground balls 30 8 were fly balls 26 7 were line drives and 4 3 were pop ups the four figures sum to 100 16 fangraphs also provides batted ball statistics but uses the four categories slightly differently all balls put into play are characterized into one of three categories ground ball fly ball regardless of where hit or line drive 17 the percentage of fly balls that were hit in the infield is then provided as a separate figure 17 fangraphs s statistics for martinez for the 2022 season indicate 38 2 ground balls 39 7 fly balls and 22 1 line drives b the three figures sum to 100 18 martinez also had a 5 8 infield fly ball percentage 18 meaning that 5 8 of the fly balls he hit were infield pop ups 17 in 2010 fangraphs noted that the league average for batted ball rates was 44 ground balls 35 fly balls and 21 line drives the three figures sum to 100 with 11 of fly balls being infield pop ups 17 special cases edit the following have special rules considerations infield fly edit an umpire in black shirt indicating an infield fly a verbal call is also made a specific rule applies to infielders attempting to catch some fly balls the infield fly rule which has specific context if and only if there are less than two outs and there are baserunners on first base and second base or the bases are loaded a fly ball which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort results in the batter being called out regardless of whether the ball is caught 1 149 this rule is in place to prevent infielders from intentionally not catching the ball and being able to record multiple outs via a force play 19 an infield fly is verbally declared by an umpire whose decision should be made immediately 1 149 umpires commonly also give a visual indication by pointing straight up in the air with their right arm 20 if a batted ball declared to be an infield fly is left untouched and it comes to rest or is first touched in foul territory before passing first base or third base it is treated the same as any other foul ball that is the batter is not automatically out 1 149 150 the infield fly rule was adopted in 1895 3 foul tip edit by rule a foul tip is a batted ball that goes sharp and direct from the bat to the catcher s hands and is legally caught 1 149 a foul tip is considered to be the same as a regular strike thus a foul tip that is caught per the definition with two strikes already against the batter results in a strikeout 21 this provision has been part of baseball rules since 1895 3 bunt edit a batter bunting note the position of his hands on the bat main article bunt baseball a bunt is a special type of batted ball bunts occur when pitched balls are intentionally met with the bat rather than being swung at 1 145 a ball that is bunted by a batter may be fair or foul and while generally it does not travel very far it may be a ground ball the desired outcome pop up or rarely line drive foul bunt edit unlike other types of batted balls for which a third strike is not assessed when a foul ball is hit with two strikes in the count a third strike is assessed to the batter when a two strike bunt goes foul resulting in a strikeout 1 41 this rule originated as early as 1894 in response to batters intentionally bunting pitches foul in order to tire the pitcher also impacting pace of play 22 safety concerns edit pitcher alex cobb receives medical attention after being hit by a line drive on june 15 2013 23 batted balls especially line drives can be dangerous to players umpires and spectators there are myriad examples several are provided below a batted ball hit sharply at the pitcher is known as a comebacker in august 1982 jim rice of the boston red sox left the dugout to carry a young boy that had been hit by a foul line drive into the team s clubhouse for medical treatment the boy later underwent emergency surgery at a local hospital 24 in july 2007 first base coach mike coolbaugh was killed when a foul line drive hit him in the head during a minor league game 25 umpire dale scott had to leave a game in august 2012 after being struck by a foul tip while serving as home plate umpire 26 and also had to leave a game in june 2015 when struck by a line drive while umpiring at second base 27 in may 2019 a young fan at a houston astros game required hospitalization after being hit with a foul line drive 28 in a june 2021 minor league game pitcher tyler zombro was hit in the head by a 104 mph 167 km h line drive fracturing his skull and causing him to have a seizure 29 see also edit baseball portal baltimore chop batting average on balls in play babip ground ball fly ball ratio gb fb notes edit the term pop up while defined on mlb com does not appear in mlb s official baseball rules batted ball figures on fangraphs and mlb com may vary categorizing batted balls is ultimately subjective references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 official baseball rules pdf major league baseball 2019 retrieved october 8 2022 via mlb com 1 2 3 mckenna brian dickey pearce sabr retrieved october 9 2022 1 2 3 4 baseball rule changes baseball almanac retrieved october 9 2022 babe ruth gained four the kansas city star january 25 1921 p 12 retrieved october 9 2022 via newspapers com o gara connor future hall of famer al lópez hits the last bounce home run in big league history baseballhall org archived from the original on october 16 2021 retrieved april 16 2020 1 2 landers chris may 22 2015 10 bizarre baseball rules you won t believe actually existed mlb com retrieved october 9 2022 official rules of softball slow pitch pdf world baseball softball confederation march 2022 p 57 retrieved october 9 2022 1 2 pop up rate po mlb com retrieved october 9 2022 1 2 fly ball rate fb mlb com retrieved october 9 2022 line drive rate ld mlb com retrieved october 9 2022 ground ball rate gb mlb com retrieved october 9 2022 what is a flyout major league baseball retrieved 6 february 2020 2023cpblrules pdf in chinese cpbl com retrieved 2023 04 29 line drive definition meaning merriam webster retrieved october 10 2022 james bill what i have learned about fly balls and such billjamesonline com archived from the original on 8 march 2021 retrieved 6 february 2020 j d martinez statcast visuals advanced metrics batted ball profile mlb com retrieved october 10 2022 1 2 3 4 slowinski piper february 17 2010 gb ld fb fangraphs retrieved october 10 2022 1 2 j d martinez games logs batting 2022 fangraphs retrieved october 10 2022 in defense of baseball s infield fly rule the atlantic 12 october 2012 retrieved 6 february 2020 infield fly rule umpirebible com retrieved october 9 2022 what is a foul tip major league baseball retrieved 7 february 2020 snyder matt 12 february 2018 history of two strike bunt rule a reminder pace of play issues are over a century old cbs sports retrieved 6 february 2020 tampa bay rays 5 kansas city royals 3 retrosheet june 15 2013 retrieved october 9 2022 alex cobb was struck on the right ear by a line drive he was carried off the field on a stretcher and taken to a hospital suffering from a mild concussion reiter ben september 26 2017 thirty five years ago jonathan keane was hit by a foul ball then jim rice saved his life sports illustrated retrieved october 9 2022 coolbaugh 35 dies after being struck by ball espn 23 july 2007 retrieved 6 february 2020 injury dale scott hit in chin leaves nats d backs game close call sports umpire ejection fantasy league august 11 2012 retrieved october 9 2022 oak tex umpire hit by line drive exits game in 4th major league baseball june 24 2015 retrieved october 9 2022 via youtube rieken kristie 30 may 2019 child hit by line drive at astros game taken to hospital associated press retrieved 6 february 2020 simpson tonya august 26 2021 pitcher tyler zombro s remarkable recovery after being hit by a line drive espn com retrieved april 21 2022 external links edit baseball rules fair foul ball via youtube v t e baseball and softball concepts outline glossary baseball rules cheating comparison of baseball and softball fastpitch softball 16 inch softball ejections ground rules infield fly rule in flight interference pitch clock protested game strike zone suspended game unwritten rules ballpark field backstop baseball diamond batter s box batter s eye bullpen dugout foul pole foul territory infield on deck circle outfield warning track equipment ball baseball rubbing mud bat batting cage batting glove batting helmet cap doughnut glove defense pitching machine protective cup shin guard stirrups uniform uniform number game process batting order challenges ball strike check swing innings extra innings out positions run pace of play batting at bat baltimore chop bat flip batted ball batting count batting out of order bunt sacrifice bunt squeeze play charging the mound checked swing cleanup hitter contact hitter designated hitter double double switch foul ball foul tip golden sombrero ground rule double hat trick hit hit and run hit by pitch hitting for the cycle home run grand slam inside the park walk off moonshot chinese infield hit leadoff hitter lefty righty switch line drive mendoza line on deck pinch hitter plate appearance platoon system power hitter pull hitter sacrifice fly single strikeout strike zone sweet spot switch hitter triple walk pitching softball balk beanball breaking ball brushback pitch changeup vulcan changeup curveball eephus emery ball fastball two seam four seam cutter sinker split finger full count immaculate inning inside pitching intentional balk intentional walk knuckleball maddux no hitter perfect game pickoff pitch count pitching by position players pitching position pitchout quick pitch screwball shutout slider spitball strikeout strike zone striking out the side switch pitcher time of pitch wild pitch base running automatic runner balk bases loaded caught stealing hit and run lead off left on base obstruction pinch runner rundown safe scoring position slide small ball squeeze play stolen base tag up tie goes to the runner fielding positioning appeal play assist blocking the plate catch caught stealing covering a base defensive indifference double play error fielder s choice fifth infielder force play fourth out hidden ball trick in between hop infiel...