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pas when mexico transitioned to a centralized government in 1835 supporters of federalism took up arms colonists in texas revolted in october 1835 and by the end of the year had expelled all mexican troops from their province with hostilities temporarily suspended frank w johnson the commander of the volunteer army in texas and james grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the mexican port town of matamoros in late february 1836 johnson and half of the volunteers drove a herd of horses to san patricio while grant took the remaining men to gather more horses and to attempt contact with federalist sympathizers near matamoros unknown to the texians on february 18 mexican general josé de urrea led a large contingent of troops from matamoros into texas to neutralize the rebels gathered along the coast his troops easily defeated johnson s small force on february 26 several days later informants revealed grant s location and on the morning of march 2 urrea sent 150 troops to ambush the rebels after a brief battle the main body of the texian and tejano troops were defeated grant and two others escaped the battle and were pursued for 7 miles 11 km grant was killed as were 11 men under his command six texians were taken prisoner contrary to santa anna s orders urrea did not execute them but instead sent them to a jail in matamoros an additional six texians escaped five of them later died in the goliad massacre background edit under president antonio lópez de santa anna the mexican government banned slavery and immigration as it shifted away from a federalist model to a more centralized government santa anna s new policies including the ban on slavery in 1829 the ban on immigration in 1830 and the revocation of the constitution of 1824 in early 1835 incited immigrants slave owners 2 and federalists throughout the nation to revolt 3 the mexican army quickly put down revolts in the mexican interior including a brutal suppression of militias in oaxaca and zacatecas 3 4 unrest continued in the northeastern mexican state of coahuila y tejas the area that bordered the united states known as texas was populated primarily by english speaking settlers known as texians the texian immigrants refused to comply with mexico s new bans on slavery and described santa anna s attempts to free their slaves as piratical attacks to take their property in october the texians took up arms in what became known as the texas revolution 5 the following month texians declared themselves part of a mexican state independent from coahuila and created a provisional state government which permitted slavery forbade any attempt to ban slavery and included some principles of the constitution of 1824 which had authorized immigration 6 by the end of the year all mexican troops had been killed or expelled from texas 7 leading federalists in mexico advocated a plan to attack mexican troops in matamoros a major mexican port 8 members of the general council the interim texas governing body were enamored with the idea of a matamoros expedition they hoped it would inspire other federalist states to revolt and keep the bored texian troops from deserting the army most importantly it would move the war zone outside texas 9 the council officially approved the plan on december 25 and on december 30 frank w johnson the commander of the volunteer army and his aide james grant took the bulk of the army and almost all of the supplies to goliad to prepare for the expedition 10 historian stuart reid posits that grant was a british secret agent and that his efforts were an unofficial scheme to advance british interests in the region britain did not welcome the idea of an independent texas and the invasion of matamoros was a way to tie texas more tightly to mexico 11 determined to quash the rebellion santa anna began assembling a large force to restore order 12 in late december at santa anna s behest the mexican congress passed the tornel decree declaring that any foreigners fighting against mexican troops will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such being citizens of no nation presently at war with the republic and fighting under no recognized flag in the early nineteenth century captured pirates were executed immediately the resolution thus gave the mexican army permission to take no prisoners in the war against the texians note 1 santa anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to san antonio de béxar and ordered general josé de urrea to lead 550 troops along the atascocita road toward goliad urrea s efforts to quell the rebellion along the texas gulf coast have become known as the goliad campaign 13 14 prelude edit josé de urrea commanding officer mexican army james fannin second in command to sam houston the texas provisional government had named sam houston the commander of a new regular army in texas but without authority over the volunteers who reported to johnson 15 the provisional governor henry smith opposed the matamoros expedition and ordered houston to find a way to disband it 16 in a rousing speech to the volunteers houston dissuaded the bulk of the men from continuing their mission many left the army others joined the troops stationed under houston s second in command james fannin at presidio la bahía in goliad by the end of january 1836 only 70 men remained with johnson and grant 17 most of these volunteers were americans or europeans who had arrived in texas after fighting had commenced 18 urrea reached matamoros on january 31 a committed federalist himself he soon convinced other federalists in the area that the texians ultimate goal was secession and their attempt to spark a federalist revolt in matamoros was just a method of diverting attention from themselves 19 meanwhile mexican double agents continued to assure johnson and grant that they would be able to take matamoros easily 20 urrea s force crossed into texas on february 18 21 despite hearing rumors that the mexican army was approaching grant and johnson chose to take their men south of the nueces river into territory belonging to the state of tamaulipas to search for horses to buy steal or otherwise gather about february 21 johnson and a small group began herding approximately 100 horses back into texas the rest of the men remained with grant ostensibly to look for more horses in actuality he was attempting to rendezvous with his allies near matamoros to determine whether federalists were still willing to rise up against the mexican army 22 mexican troops arrived in san patricio in the early hours of february 26 after a fifteen minute battle johnson s men were defeated six texians including johnson escaped and the remainder were killed or captured 23 24 while urrea waited for reinforcements before beginning his march towards goliad his advance party searched for grant and the remaining texians 25 unaware of johnson s fate on february 27 grant and his party began their march northward to san patricio driving a herd of several hundred horses he had purchased 26 the men camped along san fernando creek on march 1 local ranchers welcomed them but that night sent a messenger to urrea with grant s location and plans 27 battle edit mexican troops marched overnight towards el puerto de los cuates de agua dulce a well known crossing point on agua dulce creek 27 approximately 26 miles 42 km south of san patricio 1 about 1 mile 1 6 km from banquete 28 and just north of modern day kingsville 29 mexican soldiers took cover in two groves of trees 1 urrea had approximately 150 troops including 80 dragoons 27 grant s company comprised about 53 men including a large contingent of tejanos mexican born residents of texas under the command of plácido benavides the men were in good spirits and rode at an easy pace towards san patricio 30 grant benavides and ruben brown rode 0 5 miles 0 80 km ahead of the main body of texians and saw no signs of mexican soldiers 1 between 10 and 11 am 31 as the bulk of the texians reached the trees the mexican cavalry attacked 1 taken completely unaware many of the texians were shot before they were able to raise their guns 29 as they tried to flee dragoons chased them down and lanced them off their horses 30 five texians dismounted and made a run for a small village nearby hoping to gain cover so they could use their rifles urrea sent the infantry after them two of those texians were captured and the rest escaped 32 grant benavides and brown turned back to join the other texians once in the battle brown dismounted either to reload his rifle or because his horse was killed seeing that the battle was lost grant pulled brown onto another horse and the two of them and benavides turned to flee mexican cavalry attempted to stop them grant shot one officer and he and benavides then galloped past that officer s horse at this point the herd stampeded forcing the mexican cavalry aside the three texians followed the horses 33 mexican soldiers promptly gave chase 1 according to brown s later recollection both his and grant s horses were wounded as mexican soldiers fired after them 34 the three texians ran for 6 7 miles 9 7 11 3 km occasionally firing their pistols to force mexican dragoons to stay back mexican soldiers yelled that the men would be spared if they surrendered but none of the texians believed them 35 benavides had the strongest mount and grant ordered him to go ahead to warn fannin that the mexican army was close to goliad 1 36 grant and brown were surrounded and forced to stop grant killed a mexican soldier who drove a lance through brown s arm between ten and twelve mexican soldiers then surrounded grant and he died after being pierced multiple times 1 36 historian stuart reid theorizes that mexican soldiers were eager to ensure grant did not survive the battle grant could identify federalist sympathizers in matamoros and the surrounding areas and his knowledge potentially put urrea and some of his federalist sympathizing troops at risk 36 brown threw his empty pistol at one mexican officer then grabbed the lance from the man grant had shot and used it to defend himself 36 after soldiers lassoed him brown surrendered and was taken captive 1 brown was then brought back to the site of the ambush he recalled that one severely injured texian joseph carpenter was lying in the dirt begging for his life brown then saw a mexican soldier shoot him 37 aftermath edit although urrea reported that 42 texians were killed 38 early 20th century historians generally only list 12 texians as killed 39 tejano involvement in the revolution had been notably absent from textbooks until the 1970s so it is likely that historians were not including the tejanos under benavides 30 40 six texians were taken prisoner in defiance of the tornel decree urrea spared those who surrendered and sent them to a prison in matamoros 41 reports indicated that urrea offered clemency after the intervention of francita alavez the mistress of one of urrea s soldiers 31 six texians escaped five of these joined fannin s garrison at goliad and were later killed in the goliad massacre no reports of mexican losses have been found although at least one mexican soldier is thought to have died after the battle mexican soldiers rounded up the horses that the texians had been herding and kept them 42 the battle marked the end of the matamoros expedition 43 although it occurred on the same day that texas declared independence grant and his men did not know that they were fighting for the new republic of texas 44 according to historian stephen hardin this battle proved that the texians did not fight well on open prairies 45 news of the battle reached fannin on march 4 46 urrea s imminent arrival worried fannin who feared that santa anna would lead his troops from san antonio de béxar towards goliad essentially trapping fannin and his men between the two branches of the mexican army 45 fannin wrote to the acting governor james robinson i am a better judge of my military abilities than others and if i am qualified to command an army i have not found it out 47 the acting texas government nonetheless left fannin in charge of the fort at goliad instructing him to determine whether it was best to retreat or make a stand 48 fannin delayed making a decision finally choosing to leave goliad on march 19 urrea s troops trapped fannin s men on an open prairie the texians surrendered after the battle of coleto and most including colonel fannin were executed a week later in the goliad massacre 49 see also edit timeline of the texas revolution notes edit historians jack jackson and john wheat in their research of mexican government records believe that although the wording of the december 30 1835 tornel decree specified foreigners the document was a mere formality to green light santa anna s broader plan of dealing with opposition both foreign and domestic in a letter to general joaquín ramírez y sesma on february 29 1836 santa anna wrote in this war there are no prisoners at the battle of the alamo prior to the final siege he offered a three day amnesty to allow tejanos inside the mission to leave unharmed at other skirmishes in the war there is no indication either he or his generals made that distinction jackson and wheat stated when he learned that urrea had taken several hundred prisoners near goliad santa anna expressed his amazement that they had not been treated as pirates and swiftly executed as tornel s decree specified he sent more letters until the tragic deed was done jackson wheat 2005 p 374 377 386 7 390 poyo 1996 p 53 58 efficient in the cause stephen l harden lindley 2003 p 94 134 todish et al 1998 pp 137 8 castañeda 1970 pp 55 56 scott 2000 p 71 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 hardin 1994 p 159 the transformation of the texas economy university of texas at austin 1 2 davis 2006 p 121 hardin 1994 p 7 davis 2006 p 142 davis 2006 p 168 davis 2006 p 183 davis 2006 pp 187 9 stuart 2008 p 60 hardin 1994 pp 107 8 reid 2007 p 70 hardin 1994 p 102 hardin 1994 p 120 hardin 1994 p 121 davis 2006 p 171 davis 2006 p 191 hardin 1994 p 111 reid 2007 p 107 reid 2007 pp 122 128 reid 2007 p 131 stuart 2008 p 71 reid 2007 pp 130 3 scott 2000 p 110 3 stuart 2008 p 84 reid 2007 p 140 reid 2007 p 141 1 2 3 reid 2007 p 142 roell 2013 p 17 1 2 scott 2000 p 115 1 2 3 reid 2007 p 143 1 2 scott 2000 p 117 reid 2007 pp 143 4 reid 2007 p 144 scott 2000 p 116 reid 2007 p 145 1 2 3 4 reid 2007 p 146 reid 2007 p 147 scott 2000 pp 116 7 stuart 2007 p 87 graham 1985 pp 62 3 stuart 2007 pp 87 8 groneman 1998 p 47 stuart 2008 p 88 reid 2007 p 148 1 2 hardin 1994 p 160 scott 2000 p 118 hardin 1994 pp 160 1 scott 2000 p 121 stuart 2008 pp 123 154 bibliography edit castañeda carlos e 1970 the mexican side of the texan revolution 1836 by the chief mexican participants austin tx graphic ideas inc oclc 695593957 davis william c 2006 lone star rising college station tx texas a m university press isbn 978 1 58544 532 5 originally published 2004 by new york fre...