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lace for any length of time as was necessary to besiege a castle then access to water transport was essential for supplies of food and fodder and desirable for such items as siege equipment 13 warfare was usually a struggle for possession of castles and other fortified points and for the mutable loyalty of the local nobility the region had been in a state of flux for centuries and many local lords served whichever country was stronger regardless of national ties 14 15 by 1345 after eight years of war english controlled territory mostly consisted of a coastal strip from bordeaux to bayonne with isolated strongholds further inland the french had strong fortifications throughout what had once been english controlled gascony several directly threatened bordeaux libourne 20 miles 32 km to the east allowed french armies to assemble a day s march from bordeaux the strongly fortified town of blaye was situated on the north bank of the gironde only 25 miles 40 km downstream of bordeaux and in a position to interdict its vital seaborne communications 16 the fortress of langon 30 miles 48 km south of bordeaux blocked upstream communication along the garonne and facilitated the supply of any french force advancing on bordeaux 17 plans edit bayonne bordeaux blaye bergerac libourne langon périgueux location of bergerac in modern nouvelle aquitaine and other places named in the text nouvelle aquitaine within modern france edward determined early in 1345 to attack france on three fronts the earl of northampton would lead a small force to brittany a slightly larger force would proceed to gascony under the command of henry earl of derby and the main force would accompany edward to france or flanders 18 19 the previous seneschal of gascony nicholas de la beche was replaced by the more senior ralph earl of stafford who sailed for gascony in february with an advance force derby was appointed the king s lieutenant in gascony on 13 march 1345 20 and received a contract to raise a force of 2 000 men in england and further troops in gascony itself 21 the highly detailed contract of indenture had a term of six months from the opening of the campaign in gascony with an option for edward iii to extend it for a further six month on the same terms 22 derby was given a high degree of autonomy for example his strategic instructions were si guerre soit et a faire le bien q il poet if there is war do the best you can 23 in early 1345 the french decided to stand on the defensive in the south west their intelligence correctly predicted english offensives in the three theatres but they did not have the money to raise a significant army in each they anticipated correctly that the english planned to make their main effort in northern france thus they directed what resources they had to there planning to assemble their main army at arras on 22 july south western france was encouraged to rely on its own resources but as the truce of malestroit signed in early 1343 was still in effect the local lords were reluctant to spend money and little was done 24 prelude edit derby s force embarked at southampton at the end of may due to bad weather his fleet of 151 ships was forced to shelter in falmouth for several weeks en route finally departing on 23 july 25 26 the gascons primed by stafford to expect derby s arrival in late may and sensing the french weakness took the field without him the gascons captured the large weakly garrisoned castles of montravel and monbreton on the dordogne in early june both were taken by surprise and their seizure broke the tenuous truce of malestroit 27 stafford made a short advance north to besiege blaye with his advance party and perhaps 1 000 men at arms and 3 000 infantry of the gascon lords having established the siege he left the gascons to prosecute it and proceeded to langon south of bordeaux and set up a second siege the anglo gascon forces at both sieges could be readily supplied by ship 28 the french issued an urgent call to arms 27 meanwhile small independent parties of gascons raided across the region a number of local french groups joined them and several minor nobles threw in their lot with the anglo gascons they had several significant successes but their main effect was to tie down most of the weak french garrisons in the region and to cause them to call for reinforcements the few mobile french troops in the region immobilised themselves with sieges of casseneuil in the agenais monchamp near condom and montcuq a strong but strategically insignificant castle south of bergerac 29 large areas were effectively undefended 30 edward iii s main army sailed on 29 june they anchored off sluys in flanders until 22 july while edward attended to diplomatic affairs 31 when they sailed probably intending to land in normandy they were scattered by a storm and found their way to various english ports over the following week after more than five weeks on board ship the men and horses had to be disembarked there was a further week s delay while the king and his council debated what to do by which time it proved impossible to take any action with the main english army before winter 32 aware of this philip vi despatched reinforcements to brittany and gascony peter duke of bourbon was appointed french commander in gascony on 8 august and based himself at agen 33 on 9 august 1345 derby arrived in bordeaux with 500 men at arms 500 mounted archers and 1 000 english and welsh foot archers 10 after two weeks recruiting and organising derby marched his force to langon rendezvoused with stafford and took command of the combined force 34 stafford had to this point pursued a cautious strategy of small scale sieges derby s intention was quite different rather than continue a cautious war of sieges he was determined to strike directly at the french main force before it was fully assembled 35 the french hearing of derby s arrival concentrated their forces at the strategically important town of bergerac where there was an important bridge over the dordogne under the command of bertrand de l isle jourdain they would also be within reach of the french force under henri de montigny seneschal of périgord besieging nearby montcuq 29 34 36 after a council of war derby decided to attack the french here the capture of the town which had good river supply links to bordeaux would provide the anglo gascon army with a base from which to carry the war to the french 37 it would also force the lifting of the siege of the nearby allied castle of montcuq and sever communications between french forces north and south of the dordogne the english believed that if the french field army could be beaten or distracted the town could be easily taken 38 battle edit henry of grosmont 1st duke of lancaster earl of derby sometime in mid august derby marched from langon with 1 200 men at arms of whom 700 were gascons 1 500 longbowmen and 2 800 gascon infantry 10 the french around bergerac and montcuq had 1 600 men at arms 39 and a large but unspecified number of other troops 40 derby s army moved fast and took the french forces by surprise note 2 the exact date of the battle is unknown a h burne gives the fall of bergerac as 26 august but holds that the battle took place some days before 42 while kenneth fowler gives the date of the fall of bergerac as 24 august 36 exactly where the first part of the battle took place is also unknown the modern historian clifford rogers makes the case for the road between st aubin de langais and st nexans 43 fowler believes it was on the road from montcuq to bergerac 44 the french either lured from bergerac by a ruse 45 or in the process of withdrawing from their siege of montcuq 46 or both were caught on the road by the anglo gascon army they were subject to a barrage of english archery and struck by a charge by the anglo gascon men at arms the french were routed and a running fight took place as they fled toward the st madeleine suburb of bergerac at the south end of the bridge because the pursuit was so close it was impossible to close the gates on the barbican at the south end of the bridge and it was overrun the pursuers pressed on to the bridge which was 200 yards 180 m long narrow and obstructed halfway along by a chapel the garrison attempted to sortie to secure the barbican and the bridge became jammed with frenchmen english archers waded out to sandbanks in the river and enfiladed the panic stricken french from both flanks they were killed in great numbers 47 and many surrendered to the anglo gascons pressing close behind them attempts to drop the portcullis on the north end of the bridge were thwarted by a wounded horse falling in the gateway the anglo gascons pressed on to attack the town itself 47 at this point the contemporary sources differ the two main chronicles covering the whole war froissart s the chronicles of england france and spain and the st omer chronicle state that the gate was closed and that the town withstood a siege for several days falling only after derby had boats brought up river to enable an attack on the weak riverside wall a larger group of 14th century sources including the two which focus specifically on the war in gascony the chronique de guyenne and the chronique de brazas state that the gate was carried by the first assault on the same day as the battle and after nightfall there is other documentary evidence to support this opinion and it is generally accepted by modern historians such as rogers and jonathan sumption 48 in any event whether several days later or on the evening of the battle the town was captured and sacked and a large amount of supplies and horses was captured 47 49 the surviving french from the field army which had been besieging montcuq were gathered by john count of armagnac and retreated north to périgueux 50 aftermath edit the battle and subsequent capture of bergerac were major victories the plunder from the defeated french army and from sacking the town was immense over 600 french men at arms were listed as killed 51 and a large number were captured 47 losses among the french infantry are not recorded but were reported to have been heavy 51 as was customary most of the common soldiers were killed regardless of whether they were still bearing arms 52 prisoners included henri de montingny ten other noblemen and a large number of lesser nobles 47 derby s share of the ransoms and the loot was estimated at 34 000 41 000 000 in 2025 terms note 3 approximately four times the annual income from his lands 55 english and gascon losses were very light 56 it was the first of a series of victories which would lead to derby being called one of the best warriors in the world by a contemporary chronicler in chroniques de quatres premier valois 51 and to modern historians praising his generalship as a superb and innovative tactician rogers 57 ris ing to the level of genius rogers 56 brilliant in the extreme burne 58 stunning gribit 59 modern historian nicholas gribit has described derby s four month campaign of 1345 as the first successful land campaign of the hundred years war 60 strategically the anglo gascon army had secured an important base for further operations politically local lords who had been undecided in their allegiance had been shown that the english were again a force to be reckoned with in gascony 51 along with the battle of auberoche later in the year it marked a change in the military balance of power in the region 61 notes citations and sources edit notes edit the tun was a wine cask used as a standard measure and contained 252 gallons 954 litres of wine 6 80 thousand tuns of wine equates to 76 320 000 litres 16 790 000 imperial gallons 20 160 000 us gallons the exact details of the battle are confused and there is some contradiction in the original sources which is reflected in the modern accounts where there are significant differences of interpretation these have been noted rogers provides a summary of the contemporary accounts their discrepancies and the treatment of these by modern historians 41 uk retail price index inflation figures are based on data from clark gregory 2017 the annual rpi and average earnings for britain 1209 to present new series measuringworth retrieved 28 october 2018 to give a very rough idea of earning power an english foot soldier could expect to earn 1 in wages in approximately 3 months for usually seasonal military service 53 edward iii s annual income was often less than 50 000 54 citations edit rogers 2004 p 89 harris 1994 p 8 crowcroft cannon 2015 p 389 sumption 1990 p 184 rodger 2004 p 79 rodger 2004 pp xix xx sumption 1990 pp 39 40 rodger 2004 pp 79 80 fowler 1961 pp 139 140 1 2 3 rogers 2004 p 95 sumption 1990 pp 273 275 fowler 1961 pp 143 144 vale 1999 pp 75 78 burne 1999 p 100 vale 1999 pp 72 73 76 fowler 1961 p 136 gribit 2016 p 113 devries 2006 p 189 prestwich 2007 p 314 fowler 1969 p 50 sumption 1990 p 455 gribit 2016 pp 37 38 gribit 2016 pp 113 251 sumption 1990 pp 455 457 rogers 2004 p 94 fowler 1961 pp 131 132 1 2 sumption 1990 p 457 gribit 2016 pp 61 113 1 2 rogers 2004 p 96 sumption 1990 pp 457 458 lucas 1929 pp 519 524 prestwich 2007 p 315 sumption 1990 pp 461 463 1 2 burne 1999 p 102 rogers 2004 p 97 1 2 fowler 1961 p 56 vale 1999 p 77 sumption 1990 pp 463 464 rogers 2004 p 100 burne 1999 p 104 rogers 2004 pp 90 94 98 104 burne 1999 p 105 rogers 2004 pp 98 99 fowler 1969 pp 59 60 rogers 2004 p 99 fowler 1969 p 59 1 2 3 4 5 sumption 1990 p 465 rogers 2004 p 103 wagner 2006 pp 51 52 sumption 1990 p 466 1 2 3 4 rogers 2004 p 91 king 2002 pp 269 270 gribit 2016 p 37 rogers 2004 p 90 n 7 rogers 2004 p 105 1 2 rogers 2004 p 106 rogers 2004 p 107 footnote 61 burne 1999 p 117 gribit 2016 p 22 gribit 2016 p 1 sumption 1990 pp 476 478 sources edit burne alfred 1999 the crecy war ware hertfordshire wordsworth editions isbn 978 1 84022 210 4 crowcroft robert cannon john 2015 gascony the oxford companion to british history oxford oxford university press p 389 isbn 978 0 19 967783 2 curry anne 2002 the hundred years war 1337 1453 pdf oxford osprey publishing published 13 november 2002 isbn 978 1 84176 269 2 archived from the original pdf on 27 september 2018 devries kelly 2006 infantry warfare in the early fourteenth century discipline tactics and technology woodbridge suffolk rochester ny boydell press isbn 978 0 85115 571 5 fowler kenneth 1961 henry of grosmont first duke of lancaster 1310 1361 pdf phd thesis leeds university of leeds fowler kenneth 1969 the king s lieutenant henry of grosmont first duke of lancaster 1310 1361 london elek oclc 22977660 gribit nicholas 2016 henry of lancaster s expedition to aquitaine 1345 46 woodbridge suffolk boydell press isbn 978 1 78327 117 7 harris robin 1994 valois guyenne royal historical society studies in history vol 71 london boydell press isbn 978 0861932269 king andy 2002 according to the custom used in french and scottish wars prisoners and casualties on the scottish marches in the fourte...