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killed 35 wounded 9 10 1 decapitated 2 captured 1 sixth rate scuttled 1 brig sloop damaged 4 killed 5 wounded 11 v t e gulf theater 1813 1815 prelude tecumseh creeks 1813 mobile 1814 1st fort bowyer pensacola lake borgne villeré plantation 1815 new orleans fort st philip 2nd fort bowyer v t e naval battles of the war of 1812 atlantic ocean uss essex vs hms alert uss constitution vs hms guerriere capture of hms frolic uss united states vs hms macedonian uss constitution vs hms java sinking of hms peacock rappahannock river capture of uss chesapeake capture of the young teazer capture of hms dominica capture of uss argus capture of hms boxer capture of hms epervier sinking of hms reindeer sinking of hms avon fayal capture of uss president capture of hms cyane and hms levant capture of hms penguin capture of east india company ship nautilus east coast lewes stonington alexandria hampden baltimore long island fort peter saint mary s river great lakes saint lawrence river lake ontario 1st sacket s harbor kingston harbour capture of hms caledonia and hms detroit york fort george 2nd sacket s harbor lake erie fort oswego big sandy creek lake huron lake champlain west indies gulf coast la guaira 1st fort bowyer capture of uss frolic lake borgne fort st philip pacific ocean james island charles island nuku hiva valparaíso the first battle of fort bowyer took place in mid september 1814 captain william percy of the royal navy decided to attack the fort in preparation for an assault on mobile he believed bowyer to be a low wooden battery mounting some six to 14 small caliber guns 12 b background edit capturing the fort would enable the british to move on mobile and thereby block louisiana s trade from mobile the british could move overland to natchez to cut off new orleans from the north 14 percy took with him hms hermes 22 guns hms sophie 18 guns hms carron 20 guns captain robert cavendish spencer and a fourth vessel hms childers 18 guns capt umfreville 15 16 c lieutenant colonel edward nicolls volunteered to proceed with diversionary forces on land d on the morning of september 12 percy landed nicolls s force of 60 royal marines e f 27 g 29 and about 60 indians together with a 5 1 2 inch howitzer h about 9 miles to the eastward 30 the british land force then marched against the fort and lawrence s 160 men 31 a further sixty indians under first lieutenant james cassell 32 had been detached to secure the pass of bon secour 27 miles to the east of the fort but they played no active part in the attack itself 7 the american forces in fort bowyer commanded by william lawrence consisted of 160 infantry and a disputed number of cannon reports range between 6 and 14 guns battle edit the battle began with the americans repulsing the british land attack on september 14 nicolls ill at the time was observing on hermes on september 15 after contrary winds had died down percy crossed the bar with hermes sophie carron and childers 33 the fort opened fire at 3 20 p m 33 and at 3 30 hermes opened fire 34 the u s fort and hermes were at musket shot range at 3 40 sophie opened fire also but the other two vessels were not able to get into a firing position 33 35 i during the battle a wooden splinter wounded nicolls in the eye 36 the british naval attack was unsuccessful after two hours of fruitless bombardment hermes ran aground and lay helpless under the fire from the fort sophie s boats took off hermes crew and percy set her on fire she subsequently blew up after the fire reached her magazine 37 j the remaining ships anchored for the night some one and half miles from the fort 35 aftermath edit the next morning they re crossed the bar and sailed away hermes had lost 17 killed in action 5 mortally wounded and 19 wounded while sophie had 6 killed in action 4 mortally wounded and 12 wounded and the carron had one mortally wounded and 5 wounded in all including the marine killed on shore charles butcher the british lost 34 killed and 35 wounded in the land and naval attacks k 9 10 while the americans lost only four men killed and five or more wounded 40 two marines deserted and were apprehended the following day by lawrence s men l j percy s court martial for the loss of hermes concluded that the circumstances had warranted the attack 42 the defeat at fort bowyer led the british to decide to attack new orleans instead citation needed however after their defeat at the battle of new orleans the british decided to try again to take mobile 43 second battle edit second battle of fort bowyer part of war of 1812 date february 7 12 1815 location fort bowyer mississippi territory result british victory belligerents united kingdom united states commanders and leaders john lambert william t lawrence strength 1 400 infantry 11 artillery pieces 3 estimated rocket frames 370 375 infantry 44 6 22 artillery pieces casualties and losses 13 killed 18 wounded 45 17 captured m 1 killed 46 10 wounded 46 374 captured 47 v t e gulf theater 1813 1815 prelude tecumseh creeks 1813 mobile 1814 1st fort bowyer pensacola lake borgne villeré plantation 1815 new orleans fort st philip 2nd fort bowyer v t e naval battles of the war of 1812 atlantic ocean uss essex vs hms alert uss constitution vs hms guerriere capture of hms frolic uss united states vs hms macedonian uss constitution vs hms java sinking of hms peacock rappahannock river capture of uss chesapeake capture of the young teazer capture of hms dominica capture of uss argus capture of hms boxer capture of hms epervier sinking of hms reindeer sinking of hms avon fayal capture of uss president capture of hms cyane and hms levant capture of hms penguin capture of east india company ship nautilus east coast lewes stonington alexandria hampden baltimore long island fort peter saint mary s river great lakes saint lawrence river lake ontario 1st sacket s harbor kingston harbour capture of hms caledonia and hms detroit york fort george 2nd sacket s harbor lake erie fort oswego big sandy creek lake huron lake champlain west indies gulf coast la guaira 1st fort bowyer capture of uss frolic lake borgne fort st philip pacific ocean james island charles island nuku hiva valparaíso the second battle of fort bowyer was the first step in a british campaign against mobile but turned out to be the last land engagement between british and american forces in the war of 1812 48 background edit after the unsuccessful british attack in september 1814 american general andrew jackson recognizing fort bowyer s strategic importance ordered the fort strengthened 6 n now its garrison comprised 370 officers and men of the 2nd infantry regiment and jackson proclaimed ten thousand men cannot take it 44 despite jackson s bravado lawrence in command of the fort described his position as precarious because of the undefended landward approaches to the fort 50 following the defeat at new orleans admiral cochrane and general john lambert replacing pakenham received some considerable reinforcements citation needed and then went back to the original plan before new orleans which had been to take mobile first 51 the british troops came from the 4th 21st and 44th regiments of foot who had fought at new orleans the second brigade was commanded by arthur brooke 52 the commander of the naval forces was captain t r ricketts of the 74 gun third rate hms vengeur 53 captain spencer of the carron was among the sailors landed near mobile and was second in command of the naval party 54 the bomb vessels aetna and meteor were present during the siege of fort bowyer in february 1815 55 when the british captured the fort they discovered that it mounted three long 32 pounders eight 24s six 12s five 9s a mortar and a howitzer 56 however fort bowyer s weakness was its vulnerability to an attack from the landward side 49 battle edit the british campaign began with an investiture of fort bowyer on 8 february lambert landed a force of around 1 000 men seven miles east of the fort 57 the royal engineer colonel burgoyne surveyed the fort and decided on the method of attack 56 that night a 100 yard parallel was dug at the loss of 10 12 men which in the morning was occupied by soldiers who kept up such a musket fire on the fort that the enemy could not make any effectual reply 58 the next night the parallel was extended and the following night four batteries were completed the troops brought with them four 18 pounder cannons two 8 inch howitzers 56 three 5 1 2 inch and two 4 4 inch mortars 59 60 in addition to these eleven conventional artillery pieces hms tonnant landed lieutenant john lawrence s 25 man detachment of royal marine artillery 61 62 with several congreve rocket launchers two 6 pounder rockets and a hundred 12 pounder rockets 63 while they were constructing their siege works the british forces endured constant american fire and took light casualties but continued undeterred once their guns were in place the british were ready to launch a devastating artillery attack on the now vulnerable fort 49 on february 12 after a barrage of artillery lambert under a flag of truce called on the fort to surrender he demanded that major lawrence accept british terms to prevent the needless slaughter of his men lawrence realised the vulnerability of the fort it had no casemates to protect the gunpowder magazine or the wounded and it lacked land facing ramparts which would cost a lot of men to defend lawrence reluctantly surrendered to the british 50 after having resisted for five days 43 an alternative history from british sources explains that on 11 february before opening fire lambert called upon the fort to surrender after negotiations it was agreed that the americans would leave as prisoners of war the following morning the governor reportedly begged for the delay as so many of his men had got drunk that was agreed to with the gate of the fort moving to british control on 11 february according to a british regimental historian 58 aftermath edit further information fort morgan alabama with mobile bay secured by british warships and fort bowyer now under british control the remaining american forces in the area hurried to mobile to prepare for the expected onslaught there citation needed with fort bowyer under control admiral cochrane and general lambert s next move was to take mobile 64 all british plans were cancelled when hms brazen arrived on february 13 carrying news that the treaty of ghent had been signed on the previous christmas eve 65 48 when news of ratification of the treaty arrived on march 5 ending the war the british withdrew 66 the final attachment of mobile to the united states from the spanish empire was the only permanent exchange of territory during the war of 1812 65 fort bowyer subsequently reverted to u s control the war department would later replace it with the more heavily fortified fort morgan 48 two active battalions of the regular army 1 1 inf and 2 1 inf perpetuate the lineage of elements of the old 2nd infantry that was present at fort bowyer in both 1814 and 1815 67 68 see also edit list of conflicts in the united states notes edit embarked as supernumeraries are 58 warriors 21 marines on hms carron with 29 marines and 12 marine artillerymen on hms childers james refers to 60 marines and 120 indians 7 based on percy s letter sent prior to departing pensacola this is a lower figure than the 130 marines and 600 indians in contemporary american accounts such as that of major arsène latour s historical memoir of the war in west florida and louisiana in 1814 15 james refers to latour misnaming one vessel the complements of hermes sophie carron and childers were 135 121 c 135 and 121 respectively i have been able to obtain that it is a low wood battery of little strength mounting at the most fourteen guns of small calibre en barbette though others state the number only at six taken from letter from percy to cochrane dated september 9 1814 archive reference adm 1 505 folios 152 55 reproduced in a secondary source 13 the louisiana state museum has a map of the battle showing the fourth vessel as anaconda rather than childers 17 american sources often mis attributed the fourth vessel as hms anaconda of 18 guns 18 lossing contains a map that shows the tracks of the vessels lossing s map is probably based on the map in the possession of the louisiana state museum 19 20 marshall quotes a letter from percy to cochrane dated september 9 1814 that states nicolls volunteered to proceed with a party of about 60 marines and 130 indians i shall sail tomorrow or next day after embarking them 21 the muster from hms childers shows that she carried 29 marines and 12 marine artillerymen 22 in addition the muster from hms carron shows that she carried 21 marines as supernumeraries and around 60 native american allies under the command of robert henry 1791 1850 23 24 despite nicolls having promised 130 indians the muster records indian warriors victualled 58 in number 25 latour claims that the enemy had landed six hundred indians or spaniards and one hundred and thirty marines but this does not reconcile with the ship musters 26 roosevelt s observation latour is the only trustworthy american contemporary historian of this war and even he at times absurdly exaggerates the british force and loss most of the other american histories of that period were the most preposterously bombastic works that ever saw print but as regards this battle none of them are as bad as even such british historians as alison almost all british writers underestimate their own force and enormously magnify that of the americans 28 the 5 1 2 inch howitzer fired a shell of about 24 pounds a 24 pounder cannon had a 5 82 inch bore and fired a shot with a diameter of 5 547 inches the howitzer was much lighter than the gun and used a smaller powder charge but could produce plunging fire which a gun could not percy records these events occurring one hour later 1 2 by the deserters we learn that the ship we have destroyed was the hermes letter from lawrence to jackson dated september 16th 38 latour had estimated british casualties to be 162 killed and 70 wounded whereas the ship musters record 33 killed in action and died of wounds 39 two royal marine privates william smith and michael brioffer brioffaud who basely deserted to the enemy 41 includes prisoners taken shortly after the battle by major uriah blue s relief force jackson understood the strategic importance of mobile and fort bowyer 49 citations edit heidler 2004 p 115 national register information system national register of historic places national park service january 23 2007 lossing benson 1868 the pictorial field book of the war of 1812 harper brothers publishers p 1021 isbn 9780665291364 cite book isbn date incompatibility help 1 2 chartrand 2012 p 27 england et al 2000 p 10 1 2 3 heidler 2004 p 59 1 2 james 1818 vol 2 p 343 niles national register volume 7 22 october 1814 p 93 letter from jackson to the us secretary of war dated september 17 1...