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600 men at arms on 10 june the council received with consternation news that the great army of the sea had arrived at sluys the main port of flanders on the 8th quiéret and béhuchet had cut english communications with the continent as they blocked the roadstead a further 11 ships reinforced them bringing the total french strength to 213 ships 31 the entire zwin estuary has silted up since the battle and modern sluis is 5 miles 8 km from the sea 32 an acrimonious meeting of the council took place a senior adviser john de stratford archbishop of canterbury insisted that putting to sea would risk the loss of the king and the whole expedition should be cancelled stratford stormed out of the council the men in charge of the shipping arrangements were then personally abused by the king after they supported stratford s opinion in a fury edward declared those who are afraid can stay at home 33 a string of instructions went out coastal defences were stripped peremptory orders were sent to royal officers to brook no excuses from tardy mariners edward personally harangued the shipowners of yarmouth the largest port in england meanwhile the horses which had already been loaded were unloaded and the erstwhile transports were rapidly converted to warships by having forecastles aftercastles and crow s nests added in a feat which the modern historian jonathan sumption describes as truly remarkable a sizeable fleet had been assembled at the orwell by 20 june 34 the payroll records for the english fleet have been lost so historians have relied on the estimates of chroniclers to ascertain the size of the fleet of the ships which sailed with it 66 have been identified by name and it is believed it totalled between 120 and 150 ships 19 35 36 it carried 1 300 men at arms and 1 000 longbowmen 37 edward s lieutenants were the earls of northampton and huntingdon 25 the fleet set sail early on 22 june 1340 and was in sight of the roadstead at sluys by the afternoon of the following day edward anchored at blankenberge and in the evening sent ashore reginald cobham sir john chandos and stephen lambkin to reconnoitre the french fleet 19 38 edward s intentions were well known he wished to sail up the zwin to bruges and land his army to support his hard pressed allies 19 when the english were sighted the french manoeuvred to bar edward s way to the port of sluys their fleet organised itself in three lines one behind the other each stretching across the 3 mile wide 5 km estuary of the zwin 19 25 the ships of each line were bound together with chains and ropes to prevent the passage of enemy ships like a line of castles 19 39 several large ships were stationed in the front of the line including the very large captured english prize the christopher this was a normal medieval tactic for a fleet fighting on the defensive barbavera the experienced commander of the galleys was concerned about this realising they would lack manoeuvrability in their anchorage and be open to attack from the ship based english archers he advised the french commanders to put to sea and gain the weather gage so as to be able to attack the english while they were disembarking or deter this by the threat of an attack béhuchet who as constable exercised overall command knew little of naval operations he viewed barbavera as a mere commoner and near pirate and wishing to take no chances of the english slipping past he insisted on holding a position blocking the inlet 20 battle edit in 1962 a well preserved wreck of a cog dated to 1380 was found near bremen germany this is a full size reproduction merchant vessels such as these hastily converted to makeshift warships formed the bulk of both sides ships cobham reported back late that night on the state of the french fleet edward entered the roadstead at high tide the next day 24 june manoeuvring to be able to attack with the advantage of wind and tide and with the sun behind them the traditional view is that the attack took place at 3 00 pm 40 note 3 after nearly a day linked by chains and ropes and with wind and rain working against them the french ships had been driven to the east of their starting positions and become entangled with each other béhuchet and quiéret ordered the ships to be separated although in the event this proved difficult and the fleet attempted to move back to the west against the wind and the tide in this disorganised state they made contact with the english 42 edward sent his ships against the french fleet in units of three two ships carrying archers flanking one with men at arms the english ships with the archers would approach a french ship and loose arrows at a rate of more than ten per minute from each archer onto its decks the men at arms would then board and take the vessel 19 43 44 45 the modern historians jonathan sumption and robert hardy separately state that the english archers with their longbows had a rate of fire two or three times greater than the french crossbowmen and significantly outranged them 46 hardy reckons the longbows had an effective range of 300 yards 270 metres compared with 200 yards 180 metres for the crossbows 47 the battle resembled a land engagement at sea two opposing ships would be lashed together and the men at arms would then engage in hand to hand fighting while supporting troops shot arrows or bolts as the battle progressed béhuchet s tactic of chaining his ships together proved disastrous for the french as it allowed the english to attack single ships or small groups of ships with overwhelming force while the rest of the french were immobilised 44 48 49 the greater number of fighting men in the english ships especially archers also told a london longbowman reported that the english arrows were like hail in winter 50 many french ships were boarded and captured after fierce fighting barbavera had refused to tie his highly manoeuvrable galleys in with the french ships and they managed to board and capture two english ships 51 several english noblewomen were killed when their ship was either boarded or sunk 52 note 4 as it became clear that the battle was going the way of the english their flemish allies sallied from the nearby ports and fell upon the french rear in a letter to his son edward said the french made a most noble defence all that day and the night after 51 late at night the french rear line attempted to break out apart from the galleys only 17 other french ships escaped 36 the english captured 166 french merchant ships the remaining 24 ships of the french fleet were sunk or burnt 54 few if any prisoners were taken and the water was thick with blood and corpses french losses were between 16 000 and 20 000 killed 36 55 a high proportion of these by drowning the two french commanders were both captured and béhuchet was hanged from the mast of his own ship while quiéret was beheaded in vengeance for the massacre they had overseen at arnemuiden two years earlier and for their raids on the english coast frenchmen who managed to swim ashore were clubbed to death by flemish spectators only four english knights were killed along with a larger number of other english combatants 48 56 chroniclers of the time estimated 400 600 57 the english joked that if the fish in sluys harbour could speak it would be in french from the feast of french bodies they had dined on 58 for days the tides washed up bodies 59 edward was wounded in the thigh by either an arrow or a crossbow bolt 56 sumption summarises the french had suffered a naval catastrophe on a scale unequalled until modern times 59 aftermath edit a gold noble coin of 1354 the obverse showing edward seated in a ship in commemoration of the battle tactically the battle allowed edward to land his army which went on to besiege tournai a city in flanders loyal to philip vi 60 although the campaign ended in failure 52 in the aftermath of the battle the french suffered an invasion scare and rushed troops to their coastal districts philip ordered that barbavera be arrested for desertion 57 barbavera was imprisoned until the following year 57 strategically the victory had little effect it gave the english fleet naval supremacy in the english channel but philip had greater resources than edward and was able to rapidly rebuild the french navy around the ships which had escaped and those which were not involved in the battle within a month a french squadron under their new admiral robert de houdetot captured 30 merchantmen from an english wool convoy and threw the crews overboard 61 french ships continued to capture english merchantmen in the north sea and to run men and munitions to their allies the scots nevertheless the naval historian graham cushway says the loss of mariners economically devastated norman and picard maritime trade 54 an almshouse was set up at leure near harfleur to care for survivors too injured to work as seamen 62 english coastal communities rejoiced in the victory and in the relief from french raids they supposed it brought they were mistaken later in the year the french raided the isle of wight portland teignmouth plymouth and the channel islands the english retaliated in september by raiding brest capturing many ships including six fully laden genoese merchantmen in 1341 french castilian and portuguese squadrons successfully interdicted english communications with gascony 63 64 edward made some efforts to remove a few of his more corrupt officials and revoked some privileges of some of the ports which had failed to supply ships 65 the battle was later commemorated on edward s gold noble coin which depicted the king seated in a ship the inscription reads ihc transiens per medium illorum ibat jesus passing through the midst of them went his way 66 an antiphon based on the gospel of luke 4 30 a text which was commonly invoked at the time for protection against harm in battle 57 67 notes citations and sources edit notes edit now spelled sluis and part of the dutch region of zeelandic flanders kelly devries provides an overview of the main contemporary accounts and a summary of their modern interpretations in god leadership flemings and archery contemporary perspectives of victory and defeat at the battle of sluys 1340 29 all the chroniclers several of whom witnessed the battle state the attack commenced at three o clock in the afternoon at the moment of high tide 41 they were part of the royal court accompanying edward and were on their way to join his queen philippa of hainault who was already in flanders the wardrobe rolls were also lost in this incident making it difficult for historians to reconstruct the size and components of the english fleet 52 53 citations edit prestwich 2007 p 394 harris 1994 p 8 crowcroft cannon 2015 p 389 lacey 2008 p 122 bartlett 2000 pp 17 22 sumption 1990 p 184 runyan 2003 p 65 1 2 neillands 2001 pp 82 83 rose 1998 pp 24 30 sumption 1990 p 175 cushway 2011 p 155 williamson 1944 p 115 rodger 2004 pp 96 97 sumption 1990 p 265 sumption 1990 p 320 sumption 1990 pp 320 321 sumption 1990 pp 321 322 sumption 1990 p 323 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 rose 1998 p 24 1 2 dickie et al 2009 p 64 rodger 1999 p 99 sumption 1990 pp 309 318 322 devries 2016 pp 225 231 233 devries 2016 p 228 1 2 3 burne 1999 p 53 devries 2016 pp 223 225 devries 2016 p 226 1 2 devries 2016 p 233 devries 2016 kepler 1973 pp 71 72 sumption 1990 pp 297 322 324 sumption 1990 p 325 sumption 1990 pp 297 323 324 sumption 1990 pp 176 323 324 lambert 2011 pp 121 123 1 2 3 rodger 2004 p 99 lambert 2011 p 125 knighton 1995 p 29 prestwich 2007 p 311 jones 2013 pp 381 384 lucas 1929 p 397 sumption 1990 p 324 prestwich 2007 pp 311 312 1 2 neillands 2001 pp 83 84 hardy 2010 p 68 sumption 1990 p 532 hardy 1999 pp 161 180 1 2 hattendorf navy records society great britain 1993 p 22 prestwich 2007 pp 8 311 sumption 1990 p 326 1 2 burne 1999 p 54 1 2 3 wagner 2006 pp 286 287 lambert 2011 p 122 1 2 cushway 2011 p 98 davies 2014 p 420 1 2 hannay 1911 p 246 1 2 3 4 cushway 2011 p 99 prestwich 2007 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