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Text of the page (random words):
while dominant behaviour is displayed in the animal kingdom as well prestigious behaviour is unique to humans humans understand the intentions behind someone s actions rather than just being able to copy their movements precisely this is important since it is easier to learn from the best models rather than learning by ourselves we might know which behaviour contributes to someone s success at mastering a skill hence we look to see who everyone else is copying i e we tend to copy prestigious individuals prestigious people enjoy a high degree of influence and respect and are generally the people with the most information 15 ordinary people edit a study done on the rate of information transmission via retweets on twitter found that popular people i e people with a large following are inefficient hubs in spreading concepts the more followers someone has the more overloaded they are with information and lower the chances that they will retweet a particular message due to limited attention hence rate of social contagion slows down 2 rather social contagion can amplify amongst ordinary users with low following if they are closely connected in a peer network people are more likely to retweet messages by close friends to facilitate social bonding peers also have higher similar interests and are more influenced by each other than an ordinary and popular user who do not have mutual ties hence social contagion can occur efficiently amongst tight community structures in the absence of prestigious and dominant leaders 2 media edit mass media can greatly influence people s opinions and amplify social contagion by reporting stories from socially distant and unconnected networks they can help to turn minority opinions into the popular opinion independent of the degree of connectivity between people 16 moreover bandura 1977 showed that children can learn and imitate fictitious characters on television 17 personality of the observer edit ogunlade 1979 found that extroverts who are described as impulsive and sociable individuals are more likely to be susceptible to contagion than introverted individuals who are described as reserved and emotionally controlled 6 social norms edit gino ayal and ariely 2009 state that an important factor influencing contagion is the degree to which the observer identifies with the others of the group p 394 18 when identification with the rest of the group is strong the behaviors of the others will have a larger influence 18 however high homophily or the likelihood of being connected to others with similar interests can lead to both minority and majority groups overestimating their sizes and vice versa this can cause people to falsely predict the frequency of their behaviour in the real world since they estimate based on their personal networks when people overestimate the frequency of a particular behaviour they may think that they are following social norms and hence are less willing to change encouraging interactions within heterophilic rather than homophilic social networks can facilitate social contagion more 19 similarities and differences with other types of social influence edit contagion is only one of a myriad of types of social influence conformity social pressures edit conformity is a type of social influence that is very similar to contagion 4 it is almost identical to another type of social influence pressures toward uniformity social pressures festinger 1954 which differ only in the research techniques they are associated with wheeler 1966 p 182 4 both conformity and contagion involve some sort of conflict but differ in the roles other individuals play in that conflict 4 in conformity the other individuals of the group try to pressure the observer into performing a behavior the model then performs some other behavior in the vicinity of the observer this results in the observer creating restraints against the pressured behavior and a conflict between the pressured behavior and the behavior performed by the model in the end the observer either performs the model s behavior his herself rejects the model or pressures the model to perform the original pressured behavior wheeler table 1 4 in contagion the model s behavior results in the removing of restraints and the resolving of the conflict while in conformity the model s behavior results in the creation of restraints and of the conflict 4 social facilitation edit see also social facilitation in animals social facilitation another type of social influence is distinguished from contagion as well as from conformity and social pressures by the lack of any marked conflict 4 it is said to occur when the performance of an instinctive pattern of behavior by an individual acts as a releaser for the same behavior in others and so initiates the same line of action in the whole group thorpe 1956 p 120 4 bandura and walters 1963 p 79 give the example of an adult who has lost the unique aspects of the dialect of the region where they were raised returns for a visit and regains those previously lost patterns of speech 4 starch 1911 referred to this phenomenon as an unintentional or unconscious imitation 4 imitation edit imitation is different from contagion in that it is learned via reward and punishment and is generalized across situations 4 imitation can also be a generic term for contagion conformity social pressures and social facilitation 4 wheeler 1966 table 1 4 dynamics of selected influence processes stages in influence process behavioral contagion social pressures and conformity social facilitation observer s initial conditions instigated to bn internal restraints against bn instigated to bp no restraints no restraints against bn or bp no instigation to bn or bp model s behavior model performs bn model performs bn model performs bn hypothetical processes reduction of model s restraints against bn fear reduction creation of restraints against bp conflict between bn and bp cognitive behavioral chaining cs elicits cr inertia overcome observer s behavior observer performs bn observer performs bn or rejects model or induces model to perform bp observer performs bn bn initial behavior bp pressured behavior cs conditioned stimulus cr conditioned response competition contagion on non competitors edit while behavioral contagion is largely about how people might be affected by observations of the expressions or behavior of others research has also found contagion in the context of a competition where mere awareness of an ongoing competition can have an influence on noncompetitors task performance without any information about the actual behavior of the competitors 20 research edit effects of group pressure edit behavioral contagion largely discussed in the behaviors of crowds and closely related to emotional contagion plays a large role in gatherings of two or more people 1 in the original milgram experiment on obedience for example where participants who were in a room with only the experimenter were ordered to administer increasingly more severe electrical shocks as punishment to a person in another room from here on referred to as the victim the conflict or social restraint experienced by the participants was the obligation to not disobey the experimenter even when shocking the victim to the highest shock level given a behavior which the participants saw as opposing their personal and social ideals milgram 1965 p 129 21 stanley milgram also conducted two other experiments replications of his original obedience experiment with the intent being to analyze the effect of group behavior on participants instead of the subject being alone with the experimenter two confederates were utilized in the first of the two experiments groups for disobedience the confederates defied the experimenter and refused to punish the victim p 130 21 this produced a significant effect on the obedience of the participants in the original experiment 26 of the 40 participants administered the maximum shock in the disobedient groups experiment only 4 of 40 participants administered the highest level of voltage table 1 21 despite this high correlation between shock level administered and the obedience of the group in the disobedient groups experiment there was no significant correlation for the second of the replicated experiments obedient groups where the confederates did not disobey the experimenter and when the participant voiced angst regarding the experiment and wished to stop administering volts to the victim the confederates voiced their disapproval p 133 21 milgram concludes the study by remarking that the insertion of group pressure in a direction opposite that of the experimenter s commands produces a powerful shift toward the group changing the group movement does not yield a comparable shift in the participant s performance the group success in one case and failure in another can be traced directly to the configuration of motive and social forces operative in the starting situation that is if the group s attitudes are similar to or compatible with the participant s observer s there is a greater likelihood that the participant observer will join with the group p 134 21 overweight and obesity edit network phenomena are relevant to obesity which appears to spread through social ties 22 teenagers of us army families assigned to counties with higher obesity rates were more likely to become overweight or obese in a 2018 study this effect could not be explained by self selection homophily or shared built environments and is attributed to social contagion 23 see also edit domino theory cycle of violence copycat suicide emulation of another suicide crime contagion models hysterical contagion psychological phenomenon mass psychogenic illness also known as mass hysteria spread of illness without organic cause peer contagion references edit 1 2 3 4 stephenson gm fielding gt june 1971 an experimental study of the contagion of leaving behavior in small gatherings the journal of social psychology 84 1 81 91 doi 10 1080 00224545 1971 9918524 1 2 3 influentials novelty and social contagion the viral power of average friends close communities and old news social networks 34 470 480 2012 doi 10 1016 j socnet 2012 02 005 s2cid 16725579 castellano c fortunato s loreto v 2009 statistical physics of social dynamics rev mod phys 81 2 591 646 arxiv 0710 3256 bibcode 2009rvmp 81 591c doi 10 1103 revmodphys 81 591 s2cid 118376889 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 wheeler l 1966 toward a theory of behavioral contagion psychological review 73 2 179 192 doi 10 1037 h0023023 1 2 3 4 5 freedman jl birsky j cavoukian a 1980 environmental determinants of behavioral contagion density and number basic and applied social psychology 1 2 155 161 doi 10 1207 s15324834basp0102_4 1 2 ogunlade jo january 1979 personality characteristics related to susceptibility to behavioral contagion social behavior and personality 7 2 205 8 doi 10 2224 sbp 1979 7 2 205 1 2 3 centola damon macy michael 2007 complex contagions and the weakness of long ties american journal of sociology 113 3 702 734 doi 10 1086 521848 jstor 10 1086 521848 s2cid 7298238 centola damon macy michael 2007 complex contagions and the weakness of long ties american journal of sociology 113 30 3 702 734 doi 10 1086 521848 jstor 10 1086 521848 s2cid 7298238 iacopini iacopo petri giovanni barrat alain latora vito 2019 simplicial models of social contagion nature communications 10 1 2485 arxiv 1810 07031 bibcode 2019natco 10 2485i doi 10 1038 s41467 019 10431 6 pmc 6554271 pmid 31171784 einhorn laura normative social influence on meat consumption mpg pure max planck society retrieved 22 february 2024 centola damon macy michael 2007 complex contagions and the weakness of long ties american journal of sociology 113 3 702 734 doi 10 1086 521848 jstor 10 1086 521848 s2cid 7298238 burt ronald s 1987 social contagion and innovation cohesion versus structural equivalence american 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