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odges in turkey were subsequently closed in 1925 with the order s leadership relocating to albania and establishing its headquarters in tirana 18 salih nijazi was the last dedebaba in turkey and the first in albania formerly appointed to his role in the latter country on 30 march 1930 31 the order became involved in albanian politics and some of its members including ismail qemali 32 were major leaders of the albanian national awakening rilindja 33 after the lodges in turkey were shut down the order s headquarters moved to albania 34 on 20 march 1930 salih nijazi was elected as the dedebaba of the bektashi community in albania before nijazi the dedebaba was haxhi fejzullah in turkey 35 njazi established the bektashi world headquarters in tirana 34 its construction was finished in 1941 during the italian occupation of albania 34 nijazi promoted bektashi islam by introducing major ceremonies at popular tekkes 34 after he was murdered in 1941 ali riza succeeded him as the dedebaba 34 post world war ii edit bektashism continued to flourish until the second world war after the communists took power in 1945 several babas and dervishes were executed and a gradual constriction of bektashi influence began ultimately in 1967 all tekkes were shut down when enver hoxha banned all religious practice when the ban was rescinded in 1990 the bektashism reestablished itself 36 although there were few left with any real knowledge of the spiritual path nevertheless many tekkes lodges operate today in albania 37 the most recent head of the order in albania was hajji dedebaba reshat bardhi 1935 2011 and the main tekke has been reopened in tirana in june 2011 baba edmond brahimaj was chosen as the head of the bektashi order by a council of albanian babas today sympathy for the order is generally widespread in albania where approximately 20 to 25 of muslims self report as having some connection to bektashism 38 despite the negative effect of turkey s ban on lodges on bektashi life most contemporary turkish bektashis have been generally supportive of the country s kemalist secularism since ataturk s reforms have lessened the religious intolerance historically demonstrated towards the community by the sunni religious establishment during ottoman times 39 40 beliefs edit further information schools of islamic theology baktāshism bektaşilik diagram showing bektashi as well as other sufi orders bektashis believe in god and follow all islamic prophets 41 bektashis claim the heritage of haji bektash veli who was a descendant of ali husayn ibn ali ali al sajjad and other imams 41 42 in contrast to many twelver shia bektashis respect all companions of muhammad including abu bakr umar uthman talha mu awiya and ali who is considered the greatest of them 15 bektashis follow the teachings of haji bektash who preached about the twelve imams bektashis differ from other muslims by also following the fourteen innocents who either died in infancy or were martyred with husayn 43 abbas ibn ali is also an important figure in bektashism and bektashis visit mount tomorr to honor him in an annual pilgrimage to the abbas ali türbe on august 20 25 44 in addition to the muslim five daily prayers bektashis have two specific prayers one at dawn and another at dusk for the welfare of all humanity 41 bektashism places much emphasis on the concept of wahdat al wujud arabic وحدة الوجود romanized unity of being that was formulated by ibn arabi 45 malakat is an important bektashi text perhaps written by haji bektash 46 some scholars question whether the malakat was actually authored by haji bektash resultingly those scholars question whether the presentation of haji bektash and bektashism as orthoprax in islam practicing orthodox islam there remains dispute as to whether bektashis have historically followed the shariah law of islam for example they are known to use both wine and raki in their ceremonial meetings and were not known in earlier times to have observed the fast of ramadan or the obligation of five daily prayer times 47 bektashis follow the modern day bektashi dedebabate currently headed by baba mondi bektashis consider the dedebaba as leader over the entire branch bektashism is also heavily permeated with shia islamic concepts such as the marked reverence of ali the twelve imams and the ritual commemoration of ashura marking the battle of karbala the old persian holiday of nowruz is celebrated by bektashis as ali s birthday see also nevruz in albania the bektashi order is a sufi order and shares much in common with other islamic mystical movements such as the need for an experienced spiritual guide called a baba in bektashi parlance as well as the sufi doctrine of the four gates that must be traversed sharī a religious law ṭarīqa the spiritual path ma rifa true knowledge and ḥaqīqa truth there are many other practices and ceremonies that share similarities with other faiths such as a ritual meal muhabbet and yearly confession of sins to a baba magfirat i zunub مغفرة الذنوب bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non orthodox and mystical interpretation and understanding of the quran and the prophetic practice sunnah they have no written doctrine specific to them so rules and rituals may vary from one baba to another bektashis generally revere non bektashi sufi mystics such as ibn arabi al ghazali and rumi who are close to bektashism in spirit though many are from more mainstream islamic backgrounds like other muslims bektashis consider pork haram prohibited and do not consume it though unlike other muslims they also avoid eating rabbit 48 49 rakia a fruit brandy is used sacramentally in bektashism 50 where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as dem 51 poetry and literature edit part of a series on the alevis alevism beliefs god in islam hak muhammet ali i̇nsan ı kâmil four doors silsile bektashi order sufi cosmology sufi metaphysics sufi philosophy sufi psychology practices aşûre buyruks cem cemevi hıdırellez mevlit müsahiplik saya semah zekat ziyaret clergy nebi abdal pir qalandar dede baba rehber murshid türbe important figures abdal musa ahi evran ahmad yasawi balım sultan founder gül baba haji bektash veli founder kaygusuz abdal otman baba qutb ad dīn haydar sarı saltık seven great poets sheikh bedreddin twelve imams yunus emre history alevi history aleviler ottoman persecution of alevis alians safaviyya bayramiye qalandariyya hurufiyya sadiyya islam portal v t e poetry plays an important role in the transmission of bektashi spirituality several important ottoman era poets were bektashis and yunus emre the most acclaimed poet of the turkish language is generally recognized as a subscriber to the bektashi order the bektashis were quite lax in observing daily muslim laws and women as well as men took part in ritual wine drinking and dancing during devotional ceremonies the bektashis in the balkans adapted such christian practices as the ritual sharing of bread and the confession of sins bektashi mystical writings made a rich contribution to sufi poetry 52 a poem from bektashi poet balım sultan died c 1517 1519 i̇stivayı özler gözüm my eye seeks out repose seb al mesânîdir yüzüm my face is the oft repeated seven i e the sura al fatiha ene l hakk ı söyler sözüm my words proclaim i am the truth miracımız dardır bizim our ascension is by means of the scaffold haber aldık muhkemattan we have become aware through the firm letters geçmeyiz zâttan sıfattan we will not abandon essence or attributes balım nihan söyler hakk tan balım speaks arcanely of god i̇rşâdımız sırdır bizim our teaching is a mystery 53 there is no official canon of bektashism as the central tenet of bektashism is seeing the 72 nations in one eye which means all nations and religions are inherently same 54 and that batin is more important than zahir however there are generally accepted books attributed to the founding of the order makalat the articles where the concept of four gates sharia tariqa marifa haqiqa originate from is according to bektashis it was written by haji bektash veli himself and by his order translated into local languages from arabic in oral form and therefore in this form it is considered a central scripture 55 another important book of bektashism is velayetname the book of walayah also attributed to haji bektash veli himself which gives a poetic account of the origin of the sect and the brief history of the faith as it spread through anatolia 56 other important writings are poetry of anonymous poet virani 57 the books of kaygusuz abdal the erkannames guiding principles 58 and the poetry attributed to shah ismail 59 however despite having a historically developed non fixed mystical and developing canon bektashism officially upholds the four holy books torah psalms gospel and quran as central book of the faith and insist they cannot be removed they are not corrupted in inner meaning even if in zahir they may contradict and all contain important esoteric meanings beyond their literal textual understanding 60 61 so there is no rejection of the scriptures instead there is centralisation of scriptures bektashis made effort to translate quran verses into local languages since scripture is not just in on paper but actions these translations are not direct but in poetic form to show esoteric meaning behind the verses 62 community hierarchy edit like most other sufi orders bektashism is initiatic and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the reality the turkish names are given below followed by their arabic and albanian equivalents 63 first level members are called aşıks عاشق albanian ashik they are those who while not having taken initiation into the order are nevertheless drawn to it following initiation called nasip one becomes a mühip محب albanian muhib after some time as a mühip one can take further vows and become a dervish the next level above dervish is that of baba the baba lit father albanian atë is considered to be the head of a tekke and qualified to give spiritual guidance irshad إرشاد above the baba albanian gjysh is the rank of halife baba or dede grandfather the dedebaba albanian kryegjysh is traditionally considered to be the highest ranking authority in the bektashi order traditionally the residence of the dedebaba was the pir evi the saint s home which was located in the shrine of hajji bektash wali in the central anatolian town of hacıbektaş aka solucakarahüyük known as the hajibektash complex traditionally there were twelve of these hierarchical rankings the most senior being the dedebaba great grandfather demographics and geographical distribution edit bektashis are mainly found throughout anatolia the balkans and among ottoman era greek muslim communities 64 according to a 2005 estimate by dedebaba reshat bardhi there are over seven million bektashis worldwide though more recent studies put the figure as high as 20 million 65 according to albania s latest census in september 2023 bekhtashis number slightly make up 9 of the muslim population and 5 of the country s population 66 an additional 12 5 million bektashis are estimated to live in turkey 67 the term alevi bektashi is used frequently in current turkish religious discourse as an umbrella term for alevism and bektashism despite their distinct origins and separate belief systems 68 alevi bektashi is officially recognized through ministry of culture and tourism under the presidency of alevi bektashi culture 2 there are also important bektashi communities among the albanian communities of north macedonia and kosovo the most important being the arabati baba teḱe in the city of tetovo which was until recently under the guidance of baba tahir emini 1941 2006 69 following the death of baba tahir emini the dedelik of tirana appointed baba edmond brahimaj known as baba mondi formerly head of the turan tekke of korçë to oversee the harabati baba tekke 70 a splinter branch of the order has recently sprung up in the north macedonian town of kičevo which has ties to the turkish bektashi community under haydar ercan dede rather than the order s headquarters in tirana 71 a smaller bektashi tekke the dikmen baba tekkesi is in operation in the turkish speaking town of kanatlarci north macedonia that also has stronger ties with turkish bektashis 72 in kosovo the relatively small bektashi community has a tekke in the town of gjakovë and was under the leadership of baba mumin lama until his passing in 2021 this community recognizes the bektashi leadership of tirana 73 in bulgaria the türbes of kıdlemi baba ak yazılı baba demir baba and otman baba function as heterodox islamic pilgrimage sites and before 1842 were the centers of bektashi tekkes 74 bektashis continue to be active in turkey and their semi clandestine organizations can be found in istanbul ankara and i̇zmir the community in turkey was headed by debebaba bedri noyan from 1960 until his death in 1997 75 there are currently two rival claimants to the dedebabate in turkey mustafa eke and haydar ercan a large functioning bektashi tekke was established in the united states in 1954 by baba rexheb in the detroit suburb of taylor and the tomb türbe of baba rexheb continues to draw pilgrims of all faiths arabati baba teḱe controversy edit in 2002 a group of armed members of the islamic religious community of macedonia icm a sunni group that is the legally recognized organisation which claims to represent all muslims in north macedonia unlawfully entered the bektashi order s arabati baba teḱe in an attempt to reclaim this tekke as a mosque although the facility has never functioned as such subsequently the bektashi order of north macedonia sued the government for failing to restore the tekke to the bektashis pursuant to a law passed in the early 1990s returning properties previously nationalized under the yugoslav government the law however deals with restitution to private citizens rather than religious communities 76 the icm claim to the tekke is based upon their contention to represent all muslims in north macedonia and indeed they are one of two muslim organizations recognized by the government both sunni the bektashi community filed for recognition as a separate religious community with the macedonian government in 1993 which has refused to recognize them 76 proposed sovereign state edit on 21 september 2024 it was reported that prime minister edi rama of albania was planning to create the sovereign state of the bektashi order a sovereign microstate for the order within the albanian capital of tirana rama said the aim of the new state would be to promote religious tolerance and a moderate version of islam 77 administration edit see also list of bektashi tekkes and shrines in albania the world headquarters of the bektashi albanian kryegjyshata divides the country into 6 different administrative districts similar to christian parishes and patriarchates each of which is called a gjyshata 63 the...