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Text of the page (random words):
st four cases involve very light nuclides where odd odd nuclides are more stable than their surrounding even even isobars and the last two surround the proton numbers 43 and 61 which have no beta stable isotopes also two beta decay stable nuclides exist for odd proton numbers 1 3 5 7 17 19 29 31 35 47 51 63 77 81 and 95 the first four cases involve very light nuclides where odd odd nuclides are more stable than their surrounding even even isobars and the other numbers surround the neutron numbers 19 21 35 39 45 61 71 89 115 123 147 which have no beta stable isotopes for n 21 the long lived primordial 40 k exists and for n 71 there is 123 te whose electron capture has not yet been observed but neither are beta stable all even proton numbers 2 z 102 have at least two beta decay stable nuclides with exactly two for z 4 8 be and 9 be the former having an extremely short half life and 6 12 c and 13 c also the only even neutron numbers with only one beta decay stable nuclide are 0 1 h and 2 4 he at least two beta decay stable nuclides exist for even neutron numbers in the range 4 n 160 with exactly two for n 4 7 li and 8 be 6 11 b and 12 c 8 15 n and 16 o 66 114 cd and 116 sn noting also primordial but not beta stable 115 in 120 198 pt and 200 hg and 128 212 po and 214 rn both very unstable to alpha decay seven beta decay stable nuclides exist for the magic n 82 i and five for n 20 ii 50 iii 58 iv 74 v 78 vi 88 vii and 90 viii for a 209 the only beta decay stable nuclides that are not primordial nuclides are 5 he 8 be 146 sm 150 gd and 154 dy 146 sm has a half life long enough that it should barely survive as a primordial nuclide but it has never been experimentally confirmed as such all beta decay stable nuclides with a 209 are known to undergo alpha decay though for some spontaneous fission is the dominant decay mode cluster decay is sometimes also possible but in all known cases it is a minor branch compared to alpha decay or spontaneous fission alpha decay is energetically possible for all beta stable nuclides with a 165 with the single exception of 204 hg but in most cases the q value is small enough that such decay has never been seen 8 with the exception of 262 no no nuclides with a 260 are currently known to be beta stable moreover the known beta stable nuclei for individual masses a 222 a 256 and a 258 corresponding to proton numbers z 86 and z 98 or to neutron numbers n 136 and n 158 may not represent the complete set 9 10 even n odd n even z even a odd a odd z odd a even a all known beta decay stable isobars sorted by mass number odd a even a odd a even a odd a even a odd a even a 1 h 2 h 3 he 4 he 5 he n 6 li 7 li 8 be α 9 be 10 b 11 b 12 c 13 c 14 n 15 n 16 o 17 o 18 o 19 f 20 ne 21 ne 22 ne 23 na 24 mg 25 mg 26 mg 27 al 28 si 29 si 30 si 31 p 32 s 33 s 34 s 35 cl 36 s 36 ar 37 cl 38 ar 39 k 40 ar 40 ca 41 k 42 ca 43 ca 44 ca 45 sc 46 ca 46 ti 47 ti 48 ti a 49 ti 50 ti 50 cr 51 v 52 cr 53 cr 54 cr 54 fe 55 mn 56 fe 57 fe 58 fe 58 ni 59 co 60 ni 61 ni 62 ni 63 cu 64 ni 64 zn 65 cu 66 zn 67 zn 68 zn 69 ga 70 zn 70 ge 71 ga 72 ge 73 ge 74 ge 74 se 75 as 76 ge 76 se 77 se 78 se 78 kr 79 br 80 se 80 kr 81 br 82 se 82 kr 83 kr 84 kr 84 sr 85 rb 86 kr 86 sr 87 sr 88 sr 89 y 90 zr 91 zr 92 zr 92 mo 93 nb 94 zr 94 mo 95 mo 96 mo 96 ru b 97 mo 98 mo 98 ru 99 ru 100 mo 100 ru 101 ru 102 ru 102 pd 103 rh 104 ru 104 pd 105 pd 106 pd 106 cd 107 ag 108 pd 108 cd 109 ag 110 pd 110 cd 111 cd 112 cd 112 sn 113 in 114 cd 114 sn 115 sn 116 cd 116 sn 117 sn 118 sn 119 sn 120 sn 120 te 121 sb 122 sn 122 te 123 sb 124 sn 124 te 124 xe 125 te 126 te 126 xe 127 i 128 te 128 xe 129 xe 130 te 130 xe 130 ba 131 xe 132 xe 132 ba 133 cs 134 xe 134 ba 135 ba 136 xe 136 ba 136 ce 137 ba 138 ba 138 ce 139 la 140 ce 141 pr 142 ce 142 nd 143 nd 144 nd α 144 sm 145 nd 146 nd 146 sm α 147 sm α 148 nd 148 sm α c 149 sm 150 nd 150 sm 150 gd α 151 eu α 152 sm 152 gd α 153 eu 154 sm 154 gd 154 dy α 155 gd 156 gd 156 dy 157 gd 158 gd 158 dy 159 tb 160 gd 160 dy 161 dy 162 dy 162 er 163 dy 164 dy 164 er 165 ho 166 er 167 er 168 er 168 yb 169 tm 170 er 170 yb 171 yb 172 yb 173 yb 174 yb 174 hf α 175 lu 176 yb 176 hf 177 hf 178 hf 179 hf 180 hf 180 w α 181 ta 182 w 183 w 184 w 184 os α 185 re 186 w 186 os α 187 os 188 os 189 os 190 os 190 pt α 191 ir 192 os 192 pt 193 ir 194 pt 195 pt 196 pt 196 hg 197 au 198 pt 198 hg 199 hg 200 hg 201 hg 202 hg 203 tl 204 hg 204 pb 205 tl 206 pb 207 pb 208 pb 209 bi α 210 po α 211 po α 212 po α 212 rn α 213 po α 214 po α 214 rn α 215 at α 216 po α 216 rn α 217 rn α 218 rn α 218 ra α 219 fr α 220 rn α 220 ra α 221 ra α 222 ra d α 223 ra α 224 ra α 224 th α 225 ac α 226 ra α 226 th α 227 th α 228 th α 229 th α 230 th α 230 u α 231 pa α 232 th α 232 u α 233 u α 234 u α 235 u α 236 u α 236 pu α 237 np α 238 u α 238 pu α 239 pu α 240 pu α 241 am α 242 pu α 242 cm α 243 am α 244 pu α 244 cm α 245 cm α 246 cm α 247 bk α 248 cm α 248 cf α 249 cf α 250 cf α 251 cf α 252 cf α 252 fm α 253 es α 254 cf sf 254 fm α 255 fm α 256 fm e sf 257 fm α 258 fm sf 258 no sf f 260 fm g sf 260 no sf h 262 no sf i one chart of known and predicted nuclides up to z 149 n 256 black denotes the predicted beta stability line which is in good agreement with experimental data though it fails to predict that tc and pm have no beta stable isotope the mass differences causing these anomalies are small islands of stability are predicted to center near 294 ds and 354 126 beyond which the model appears to deviate from several rules of the semi empirical mass formula 9 the general patterns of beta stability are expected to continue into the region of superheavy elements though the exact location of the center of the valley of stability is model dependent it is widely believed that an island of stability exists along the beta stability line for isotopes of elements around copernicium that are stabilized by shell closures in the region such isotopes would decay primarily through alpha decay or spontaneous fission 13 beyond the island of stability various models that correctly predict many known beta stable isotopes also predict anomalies in the beta stability line that are unobserved in any known nuclides such as the existence of two beta stable nuclides with the same odd mass number 9 14 this is a consequence of the fact that a semi empirical mass formula must consider shell correction and nuclear deformation which become far more pronounced for heavy nuclides 14 15 the beta stable fully ionized nuclei with all electrons stripped are somewhat different firstly if a proton rich nuclide can only decay by electron capture because the energy difference between the parent and daughter is less than 1 022 mev the amount of decay energy needed for positron emission then full ionization makes decay impossible this happens for example for 7 be 16 moreover sometimes the energy difference is such that while β decay violates conservation of energy for a neutral atom bound state β decay in which the decay electron remains bound to the daughter in an atomic orbital is possible for the corresponding bare nucleus within the range 2 a 270 this means that 163 dy 193 ir 205 tl 215 at and 243 am among beta stable neutral nuclides cease to be beta stable as bare nuclides and are replaced by their daughters 163 ho 193 pt 205 pb 215 rn and 243 cm bound state β decay has been observed for 163 dy 205 tl and is predicted for 193 ir 215 at 243 am 17 beta decay toward minimum mass edit the negative of binding energy per nucleon for nuclides with atomic mass number 125 plotted as a function of atomic number the profile of binding energy across the valley of stability is roughly a parabola tellurium 125 52 te is stable while antimony 125 51 sb is unstable to β decay nuclei up the walls decay toward the middle beta decay generally causes nuclides to decay toward the isobar with the lowest mass which is often but not always the one with highest binding energy with the same mass number those with lower atomic number and higher neutron number than the minimum mass isobar undergo beta minus decay while those with higher atomic number and lower neutron number undergo beta plus decay or electron capture however there are a few odd odd nuclides between two beta stable even even isobars that predominantly decay to the higher mass of the two beta stable isobars for example 40 k could either undergo electron capture or positron emission to 40 ar or undergo beta minus decay to 40 ca both possible products are beta stable the former process would produce the lighter of the two beta stable isobars yet the latter is more common nuclide mass nuclide mass nuclide mass parent cl 36 35 96830698 k 40 39 96399848 ag 108 107 905956 minority decay β ec 2 to s 36 35 96708076 10 72 to ar 40 39 9623831225 3 to pd 108 107 903892 majority decay β 98 to ar 36 35 967545106 89 28 to ca 40 39 96259098 97 to cd 108 107 904184 nuclide mass nuclide mass nuclide mass parent eu 150m 149 919747 eu 152m1 151 9217935 am 242 242 0595474 minority decay β ec 11 to sm 150 149 9172755 28 to sm 152 151 9197324 17 3 to pu 242 242 0587426 majority decay β 89 to gd 150 149 918659 72 to gd 152 151 9197910 82 7 to cm 242 242 0588358 nuclide mass nuclide mass nuclide mass parent pm 146 145 914696 minority decay β 37 to sm 146 145 913041 majority decay β ec 63 to nd 146 145 9131169 isotope masses from kondev f g wang m huang w j naimi s audi g 2021 the nubase2020 evaluation of nuclear properties pdf chinese physics c 45 3 030001 doi 10 1088 1674 1137 abddae notes edit explanatory notes edit 48 ca is theoretically capable of beta decay to 48 sc thus making it not a beta stable nuclide however such a process has never been observed having a partial half life greater than 1 1 0 8 0 6 10 21 years longer than its double beta decay half life meaning that double beta decay would usually occur first 11 96 zr is capable of beta decay to 96 nb thus making it not a beta stable nuclide however the process has a partial half life greater than the double beta decay so double beta decay usually occurs first 4 148 gd was previously thought to be a third beta stable isobar for mass 148 7 but according to current mass determinations it has a higher mass than 148 eu and can undergo electron capture nevertheless the mass difference is very small 27 0 kev even lower than likewise unseen electron capture of 123 te and only alpha decay has been observed experimentally for 148 gd while the ame2020 atomic mass evaluation gives 222 rn a lower mass than 222 fr the β decay energy is given as 6 8 kev 6 implying beta stability it is predicted that single beta decay of 222 rn is energetically possible albeit with very low decay energy 3 and it falls within the error margin given in ame2020 hence current mass determinations cannot decisively determine whether 222 rn is beta stable or not though only the alpha decay mode is experimentally known for that nuclide and the search for beta decay yielded a lower partial half life limit of 8 years 3 while the ame2020 atomic mass evaluation gives 256 cf a lower mass than 256 es the β decay energy is given as 140 330 kev 6 implying beta stability the error margin between them is larger than the mass difference hence current mass determinations cannot decisively determine whether 256 cf is beta stable or not while the ame2020 atomic mass evaluation gives 259 md a lower mass than 259 fm the β decay energy is given as 140 300 kev 6 implying beta stability the error margin between them is larger than the mass difference hence current mass determinations cannot decisively determine which one of 259 fm and 259 md is beta stable discovery of this nuclide is unconfirmed there is no known beta stable isobar for mass 261 although they are known for the surrounding masses 260 and 262 various models suggest that one of the undiscovered 261 md and 261 no should be beta stable 12 9 while the ame2020 atomic mass evaluation gives 262 rf a higher mass than 262 lr the β decay energy is given as 290 300 kev 6 implying non beta stability the error margin between them is larger than the mass difference hence current mass determinations cannot decisively determine whether 262 rf is beta stable or not lists of beta decay stable nuclides edit 136 xe 138 ba 139 la 140 ce 141 pr 142 nd and 144 sm 36 s 37 cl 38 ar 39 k and 40 ca 86 kr 88 sr 89 y 90 zr and 92 mo noting also primordial but not beta stable 87 rb 100 mo 102 ru 103 rh 104 pd and 106 cd 124 sn 126 te 127 i 128 xe and 130 ba 130 te 132 xe 133 cs 134 ba and 136 ce 148 nd 150 sm 151 eu 152 gd and 154 dy the last not primordial 150 nd 152 sm 153 eu 154 gd and 156 dy references edit proc int symposium on why and how should we investigate nuclides far off the stability line lysekil sweden august 1966 eds w forsling c j herrlander and h ryde stockholm almqvist wiksell 1967 hansen p g 1979 nuclei far away from the line of beta stability studies by on line mass separation annual review of nuclear and particle science 29 69 119 bibcode 1979arnps 29 69h doi 10 1146 annurev ns 29 120179 000441 1 2 3 belli p bernabei r cappella c caracciolo v cerulli r danevich f a di marco a incicchitti a poda d v polischuk o g tretyak v i 2014 investigation of rare nuclear decays with baf 2 crystal scintillator contaminated by radium european physical journal a 50 9 134 143 arxiv 1407 5844 bibcode 2014epja 50 134b doi 10 1140 epja i2014 14134 6 s2cid 118513731 1 2 barabash a s evseev s filosofov d gavrilyuk yu m gangapshev a m gorshkov n kazalov v v kazartsev s khussainov t kuzminov v v lubashevskiy a ponomarev d v rozov s temerbulatova n vasilyev s yakushev e a yumatov v i 19 may 2026 first observation of single beta decay of 96 zr arxiv 2605 18344 nucl ex interactive chart of nuclides brookhaven national laboratory archived from the original on 2020 07 25 retrieved 2009 06 19 1 2 3 4 5 wang meng huang w j kondev f g audi g naimi s 2021 the ame 2020 atomic mass evaluation ii tables graphs and references chinese physics c 45 3 030003 doi 10 1088 1674 1137 abddaf 1 2 tretyak v i zdesenko yu g 2002 tables of double beta decay data an update at data nucl data tables 80 1 83 116 bibcode 2002adndt 80 83t doi 10 1006 adnd 2001 0873 belli p bernabei r danevich f a et al 2019 experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays european physical journal a 55 8 140 1 140 7 arxiv 1908 11458 bibcode 2019epja 55 140b doi 10 1140 epja i2019 12823 2 issn 1434 601x s2cid 201664098 1 2 3 4 koura h 2011 decay modes and a limit of existence of nuclei in the superheavy mass region pdf 4th international conference on the chemistry and physics of the transactinide elements retrieved 18 november 2018 koura h katakura j tachibana t minato f 2015 chart of the nuclides japan atomic energy agency retrieved 30 october 2018 aunola m suhonen j siiskonen t 1999 shell model study of the highly forbidden beta decay 48 ca 48 sc epl 46 5 577 bibcode 1999el 46 577a doi 10 1209 epl i1999 00301 2 kondev f g wang m huang w j naimi s audi g 2021 the nubase20...