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Text of the page (random words):
pedia extinct language of venezuela you can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in spanish january 2025 click show for important translation instructions view a machine translated version of the spanish article machine translation like deepl or google translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must follow the llm translation guideline revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the english wikipedia consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 159 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality if possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation a model attribution edit summary is content in this edit is translated from the existing spanish wikipedia article at es lenguas betoi see its history for attribution you may also add the template translated es lenguas betoi to the talk page for more guidance see wikipedia translation betoi jirara native to colombia region orinoco llanos ethnicity 394 betoi es 2005 jirara extinct mid 19th century language family unclassified duho early form proto betoi jirara dialects situfa airico lolaca jirara betoi ele language codes iso 639 3 none mis glottolog beto1236 linguasphere 81 maa aa map of the betoi jirara language betoi jirara is an extinct unclassified and poorly attested dialect cluster of colombia and venezuela south of the apure river near the modern border with colombia name edit the name betoi jirara is derived from the names of two of its dialects betoi and jirara which was first denominated as such by jesuit priest joseph gumilla as the lengua betoya y jyrara 1 classification edit historically betoi jirara was considered a tucanoan language hence the original name betoyan for the family 2 other proposed affiliations include chibchan 3 and chocoan 4 though these classifications are unsupported by linguistic evidence 1 zamponi 2017 finds enough lexical resemblances between betoi jirara and the saliban languages to conclude that a genealogical relationship is plausible though the grammatical similarities may be due to areal influence instead and the lexical similarities are not that numerous possibly because only about 150 words are attested in betoi jirara 5 because of this zamponi 2023 prefers to leave the genetic affiliation of betoi jirara undetermined 1 history edit at the time of contact betoi jirara was a local lingua franca spoken between the uribante and sarare rivers and along the arauca 6 speakers of betoi jirara were resettled into catholic missions in the 17th century leading to the eventual destruction of their culture by 1760 the language was endangered and being replaced by spanish and none of its dialects were spoken after the mid 19th century 1 varieties edit historically a dialect cluster varieties of betoi jirara include betoi jirara situfa ayrico ele lucalia jabúe arauca quilifay anabali lolaca atabaca and yet other varieties betoi is by far the best attested dialect known from a grammatical sketch by the jesuit lorenzo hervás two versions of the lord s prayer a wordlist and a few sentences in the language in gumilla s el orinoco ilustrado y defendido a few scattered fragments of the language are also present in two other sources in contrast jirara is attested in three sentences and a few nouns situfa the most divergent from betoi is known from two sentences and seven words total as well as two sentences with nine total words belonging to either the lolaca or atabaca dialect nothing survives of the other dialects 1 the online language database glottolog groups betoi jirara dialects as follows 7 betoi jirara nuclear betoi jirara lolaca mafilito quilifay situfa ayrico ayrico situfa phonology edit consonants edit reports indicate the letters ll ñ and p were absent from betoi jirara and that the language had many r s a peculiar sound was additionally described as a letter that sounds very like the pronunciation of consonantal v but rather it is a totally different letter but is unattested in the available data 1 betoi jirara phonology 1 bilabial alveolar a palatal velar glottal plain lab stop voiceless t k kʷ 1 voiced b d 2 g fricative ɸ s h nasal m n lateral l trill r glide w j kʷ may be present in the words cuivivì duck presumably dendrocygna autumnalis and quaja forest it is also present in the nearby saliban languages and tunebo uwa dd is likely intended to represent an intervocalic voiced stop rather than the intervocalic voiced approximant ð̞ in spanish vowels edit betoi jirara appeared to have a 5 vowel system as illustrated below 6 front central back high i u mid e o low a i was written as y as a part of diphthongs 1 notes edit betoi jirara likely did not have dental consonants like its geographic neighbors references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 zamponi raoul 2023 01 30 5 betoi jirara in epps patience michael lev eds volume 1 language isolates i aikanã to kandozi shapra an international handbook de gruyter mouton pp 223 262 doi 10 1515 9783110419405 005 isbn 978 3 11 041940 5 retrieved 2026 05 09 mason j alden 1950 the languages of south american indians pdf physical anthropology linguistics and cultural geography of south american indians handbook of south american indians vol 6 smithsonian institution washington washington smithsonian institution washington bureau of american ethnology pp 157 317 retrieved 2025 06 14 loukotka čestmír 1968 wilbert johannes ed classification of south american indian languages pdf 4th ed latin american center ucla latin american center university of california los angeles p 239 isbn 9780879031077 brinton daniel g 1891 the american race a linguistic classification and ethnographic description of the native tribes of north and south america new york n d c hodges zamponi raoul 2017 betoi jirara sáliban and hodɨ relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid orinoco region anthropological linguistics 59 3 263 321 issn 0003 5483 1 2 zamponi 2003 glottolog 5 2 betoi jirara glottolog org retrieved 2025 05 29 bibliography edit wiktionary has a word list at appendix betoi word list fabre alain 2005 diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos betoi pdf zamponi raoul 2003 betoi pdf 428 vol languages of the world materials lincom p 66 isbn 3 89586 757 8 v t e languages of venezuela official language spanish llanero maracucho indigenous languages arawakan baniwa of içana baniwa of guainía caquetío lokono mandahuaca paraujano piapoco wayuu cariban carib japreria kapóng macushi mapoyo yabarana mapoyo yabarana pémono panare pemon sikiana tamanaku tiverigoto ye kuana yukpa chibchan barí uwa guahiban cuiba guahibo jirajaran ayamán gayon jirajara otomákoan otomac taparita yanomaman ninam sanumá yanomamö yaroamë yanomám piaroa saliban piaroa saliba wirö ticuna yuri carabayo ticuna yuri other arutani betoi jirara guamo hodï máku nheengatu puinave pumé sapé timote warao non native languages german colonia tovar italian romani inglish sign languages venezuelan sign language v t e primary language families africa afroasiatic austronesian khoe kwadi kxʼa niger congo atlantic congo dogon ijoid katloid kru lafofa mande rashad siamou talodi heiban ubangian nilo saharan berta bʼaga central sudanic daju eastern jebel furan kadu koman gule kresh kuliak kunama nara nilotic nubian nyima maban mimi of decorse saharan songhay surmic taman temein tuu isolates bangime hadza jalaa laal meroitic ongota sandawe shabo eurasia europe and asia afroasiatic ainu austroasiatic austronesian chukotko kamchatkan dravidian digaro eskaleut great andamanese hmong mien hurro urartian indo european japonic kartvelian kho bwa koreanic kra dai mijiic miju mongolic nivkh northeast caucasian northwest caucasian ongan siangic sino tibetan tungusic turkic tyrsenian uralic xiongnu yeniseian yukaghir isolates basque bugun burushaski digaro mishmi elamite eteocretan eteocypriot hattic hruso idu mishmi kenaboi kusunda minoan nihali north picene philistine puroik shompen songlin sumerian tambora vedda zakhring new guinea and the pacific arai samaia austronesian binanderean goilalan border bulaka river central solomons chimbu wahgi demta sentani doso turumsa east geelvink bay east new britain east strickland eleman engan fas foja range gogodala suki hatam mansim kaure kosare kiwaian kutubuan lakes plain lower mamberamo lower sepik madang mairasi mantion meax north bougainville north halmahera pauwasi ramu senagi senu river sepik skou south bougainville teberan pawaian torricelli trans fly trans new guinea turama kikorian upper yuat west bird s head yam yawan yuat northwest papuan papuan gulf west new britain west papuan isolates abinomn abun anêm ata burmeso kol kuot maybrat mpur porome sulka taiap tambora yele australia bunuban eastern daly eastern tasmanian garawan gunwinyguan iwaidjan jarrakan maningrida mirndi northeastern tasmanian northern tasmanian nyulnyulan pama nyungan southern daly tangkic wagaydyic northern daly western daly western tasmanian worrorran arnhem macro gunwinyguan darwin region marrku wurrugu yangmanic wagiman isolates giimbiyu malak malak northern daly tiwi wagiman wardaman gaagudju kungarakany north america algic caddoan chimakuan chinookan chumashan comecrudan coosan eskaleut iroquoian kalapuyan maiduan muskogean na dene palaihnihan plateau penutian pomoan salishan shastan siouan tanoan tsimshianic utian uto aztecan wakashan wintuan yuki wappo yuman cochimí isolates alsea atakapa cayuse chimariko chitimacha coahuilteco cotoname esselen haida karuk kutenai natchez salinan seri siuslaw takelma timucua tonkawa tunica waikuri washo yana yuchi zuni keres yokuts mesoamerica arawakan chibchan jicaquean lencan mayan misumalpan mixe zoque oto manguean tequistlatecan totonacan uto aztecan xincan isolates cuitlatec huave purépecha south america arawakan arawan aymaran barbacoan boran bororoan cahuapanan cañari puruhá cariban chapacuran charruan chibchan chicham chocoan chonan guaicuruan guajiboan harákmbut katukinan hibito cholón huarpean jirajaran kakwa nukak kaweskaran lule vilela macro jê mapudungun mascoian matacoan nadahup nambikwaran otomacoan pano tacanan peba yaguan piaroa saliban quechuan ticuna yuri tiniguan tucanoan tupian uru chipaya witotoan yanomaman zamucoan zaparoan isolates aewa aikanã andaquí andoque arara do rio branco arutani betoi jirara candoshi shapra canichana cayubaba chiquitano chono cofán culle esmeralda guachí guamo guató iatê irantxe itonama joti kariri kamsá kanoê kunza kwaza leco máku matanawi mochica mosetén chimane movima muniche mura pirahã omurano otí páez payaguá puinave pumé puquina puri sape sechura tallán taruma taushiro timote trumai urarina wao terero warao xukuru yahgan yuracaré yurumangui sign languages arab australian aboriginal banzsl chinese francosign germanosign hand talk indo pakistani japanese mayan original thai swedish providencia cayman sudanese tanzanian vietnamese isolates see list of sign languages village sign languages see also constructed languages creoles language isolates list of proposed language families mixed languages pidgins spurious languages unclassified languages whistled languages families with question marks are disputed or controversial families in italics have no living members families with more than 30 languages are in bold v t e indigenous language families and isolates of south america based on campbell 2024 classification language families and isolates arawakan je tupi carib cariban tupian macro jê sensu stricto jê jabutian kamakã krenakan maxakalian jeikó karajá ofayé rikbaktsá eastern brazil karirian chiquitano guató purí coroado taruma xukurú yaté orinoco venezuela otomacoan sáliban ticuna yuri yanomaman arutani betoi guamo hodï máku pumé sapé warao andes colombia and venezuela jirajaran paezan tiniguan andaquí cofán camsá timote amazon colombia japurá vaupés area boran guajiboan kakwa nukak nadahup tucanoan witotoan andoque puinave pacific coast colombia and ecuador barbacoan chibchan chocoan esmeraldeño yurumanguí pacific coast peru cañari puruhá mochica sechura tallán amazon peru cahuapanan chicham hibito cholon pano tacanan peba yagua zaparoan aewa candoshi muniche omurano taushiro urarina wao terero amazon west central brazil arawan harákmbut katukinan muran matanawí trumai mamoré guaporé bororoan chapacuran nambikwaran aikanã arara do rio branco canichana cayubaba itonama irantxe kanoê kwazá leco mosetén chimané movima yuracaré andes peru bolivia and chile araucanian aymaran quechuan uru chipaya culli kunza puquina chaco pampas charruan chonan guaicuruan huarpean lule vilelan matacoan mascoyan zamucoan guachí payaguá far south chile qawasqaran chono yaghan proposed groupings hodï saliban macro arawakan macro chibchan puinave makú mura matanawí arutani sape chimuan bora witoto esmeralda yaruroan je tupi carib mataco guaicuru quechumaran sechura catacao amerind rejected unclassified aguano anserma arma baenã bagua cabixi catuquinaru chachapoya chango chirino comechingón copallén den diaguita flecheiro gamela gorgotoqui guaicaro himarimã huancavilca humahuaca isolado do tanarú kaimbé kambiwá kapinawá katembri majena malibu mure natú otí pankararú panzaleo palta panche pijao querandí quingnam quimbaya rabona ramanos sacata sanavirón sinú tabancale tapajó tarairiú tonocoté truká tremembé tuxá uamué waitaká wakoná wasu xokó linguistic areas chaco mamoré guaporé amazonian countries argentina bolivia brazil colombia chile ecuador paraguay peru venezuela guyana suriname french guiana lists languages extinct languages marañón river basin unclassified languages classification linguistic areas indicates an extinct language italics indicates independent status of a language bold indicates that a language family has at least 6 members indicates moribund status retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title betoi jirara_language oldid 1370113322 categories language isolates of south america extinct languages of south america languages extinct in the 19th century languages of venezuela hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles needing translation from spanish wikipedia language articles with linguasphere code languages without iso 639 3 code but with linguasphere code language articles with unreferenced extinction date articles containing uncoded language text pages with plain ipa cs1 long volume value this page was last edited on 19 august 2026 at 05 10 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using 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