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union in 1941 białystok was occupied by the german army on 27 june 1941 during the battle of białystok minsk and the city became the capital of bezirk białystok a separate region in german occupied poland until 1944 54 55 between 27 june and 13 july the 1941 białystok massacres took place the great synagogue was burnt down by germans on 27 june 1941 with an estimated 2 000 jews inside from the very beginning the nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non german population the germans operated a nazi prison in the city 56 and a forced labour camp for jewish men 57 since 1943 the sicherheitspolizei carried out deportations of poles including teenage boys from the local prison to the stutthof concentration camp 58 the 56 000 jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto 59 on 15 august 1943 the białystok ghetto uprising began and several hundred polish jews and members of the anti fascist military organisation polish antyfaszystowska organizacja bojowa started an armed struggle against the german troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto with deportations to the treblinka extermination camp 60 ultimately the ghetto was liquidated and the vast majority of its remaining 40 000 occupants including men woman and children were murdered by the nazis and their collaborators primarily at the treblinka death camp the city fell under the control of the red army on 27 july 1944 the soviets carried out mass arrests of polish resistance members in the city and region and imprisoned them in białystok on 20 september 1944 the city was transferred back to poland although with a soviet installed communist regime which stayed in power until the fall of communism in the 1980s and the soviet nkvd and smersh continued the persecution of the polish resistance in the following months from november 1944 to january 1945 the russians deported nearly 5 000 poles from the local prison to the soviet union 61 later on the soviet appointed communists held political prisoners and other members of the polish resistance in the local prison and until 1956 they also carried out burials of executed polish resistance members there 34 post war period edit after the war the city became capital of the initial białystok voivodeship of the people s republic of poland 62 63 64 after the 1975 administrative reform the city was the capital of the now smaller białystok voivodeship 65 since 1999 it has been the capital of the podlaskie voivodeship republic of poland 65 from the european regional development fund contracted within the framework of the integrated regional development operational programme zporr białystok received approximately pln 43 million for a project to improve the quality of the transport system the implementation of part i of the project allowed for the purchase of 43 new buses for public transport in 2005 2006 and new streets were built in bacieczki district the białystok waterworks implemented a project to improve water quality cycle paths in białystok were expanded and a path to supraśl was built 66 geography edit biała river near białystok knyszyn forest landscape park białystok is situated in the białystok uplands polish wysoczyzna białostocka of the podlaskie plain polish nizina północnopodlaska part of what is known collectively as the green lungs of poland 67 68 it is situated 197 kilometres 122 mi by road northeast of warsaw 12 it is the biggest polish city close to belarus and lithuania the biała river a left tributary of the supraśl river passes through the city the landscape of the białystok upland is diverse with high moraine hills and kame in excess of 200 m 660 ft above sea level vast areas of outwash a glacial plain formed of sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a glacier are covered by forests 68 the highest point of the city lies at a height of 175 m 574 ft on the pietrasze forest the lowest point lies at a height of 118 m 387 ft on the river valley of the biała 69 a characteristic element of the relief of the city area are clear depressions in the surface of the moraine plateau which are used by the rivers biała horodnianka and czaplinianka forests are an important part of the city character they currently occupy approximately 1 846 ha 4 560 acres 18 of the administrative area of the city which places it as the fifth most wooded city in poland behind katowice 38 bydgoszcz 30 toruń 22 9 and gdańsk 17 6 70 there are a total of 9 parks in the city on municipal plots of which 5 are historic parks with a total area of about 59 06 ha entered into the municipal register of monuments and 4 are city parks with an area of about 21 68 ha 71 part of knyszyn forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves a total area of 105 ha 260 acres 72 the zwierzyniecki forest nature reserve which is contained within the city limits is a fragment 33 48 ha 82 7 acres of the riparian forest with a dominant assemblage of oak and hornbeam 73 the antoniuk nature reserve polish rezerwat przyrody antoniuk is a 70 07 ha 173 1 acres park in the city that preserves the natural state of a forest fragment characteristic of the białystok upland with a dominant mixed forest of hazel and spruce 74 the 40 ha 99 acres of forests lying in the vicinity of the dojlidy ponds are administered by the białystok central sports and recreation center polish białostocki ośrodek sportu i rekreacji bosir the dojlidy ponds recreation area includes a public beach walking trails birdwatching and fishing 75 climate edit the city has a warm summer humid continental or hemiboreal climate dfb according to the köppen climate classification system under the 0 c 32 f isotherm for the average temperature of the coldest month or an oceanic climate cfb if the 3 c 27 f isotherm is used the city would have been classified as being in the dfb zone regardless of the accepted isotherm for climatological normals as recent as 1981 2010 76 but as a consequence of climate change the winters have warmed up so that the climate in the city may be classified as oceanic białystok is one of the coldest cities in poland by annual temperature and one with the climate having the most continental characteristics as is the case for much of north eastern poland with the mean yearly temperature of 7 7 c 46 f and the length of the growing season amounting to 205 days shorter than elsewhere in poland 77 while winters are rather mild compared to other cities on the similar latitude such as samara barnaul or edmonton they are colder than in western europe in cities like bremen and dublin winters usually have little sunshine with weather patterns changing from those influenced by the low pressure systems generated by the icelandic low when the weather is often cloudy cool damp rainy and or snowy to the occasional intrusions of cold air masses from siberia or the arctic siberian high which due to the city s northeasterly location are more frequent than in other parts of poland 77 winters thus tend to be several degrees colder than elsewhere in poland 78 freezing conditions below 20 c 4 f are possible in winter but are rare 76 snow cover is present on the ground for more than half of winter summers tend to be warm sunny and pleasant and are occasionally hot but they are still a little cooler than in most of poland 78 more rain falls in summer months than in any other period of the year the centre of białystok as most urban areas experiences the urban heat island effect therefore for most of the time the city is warmer than the surrounding countryside the temperatures in the city centre are on average 2 3 c 4 1 f higher than in the surrounding villages with greater differences at night and during the warmer half of the year particularly in spring 79 climate data for białystok 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 present month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 15 9 60 6 16 4 61 5 21 8 71 2 29 3 84 7 31 7 89 1 32 8 91 0 36 0 96 8 35 2 95 4 33 6 92 5 25 4 77 7 18 5 65 3 13 8 56 8 36 0 96 8 mean maximum c f 6 3 43 3 8 2 46 8 15 4 59 7 23 2 73 8 27 0 80 6 29 4 84 9 30 9 87 6 30 8 87 4 25 9 78 6 20 1 68 2 13 2 55 8 7 6 45 7 32 4 90 3 mean daily maximum c f 0 4 31 3 1 1 34 0 6 1 43 0 13 6 56 5 19 2 66 6 22 2 72 0 24 3 75 7 23 7 74 7 18 1 64 6 11 7 53 1 5 2 41 4 1 0 33 8 12 2 54 0 daily mean c f 2 8 27 0 1 9 28 6 1 7 35 1 7 9 46 2 13 1 55 6 16 4 61 5 18 4 65 1 17 5 63 5 12 6 54 7 7 4 45 3 2 7 36 9 1 2 29 8 7 7 45 9 mean daily minimum c f 5 4 22 3 4 9 23 2 2 4 27 7 2 2 36 0 6 8 44 2 10 3 50 5 12 6 54 7 11 6 52 9 7 7 45 9 3 6 38 5 0 2 32 4 3 6 25 5 3 2 37 8 mean minimum c f 18 5 1 3 16 3 2 7 11 1 12 0 5 0 23 0 0 7 30 7 3 8 38 8 6 9 44 4 5 3 41 5 0 1 32 2 5 1 22 8 8 3 17 1 14 7 5 5 21 8 7 2 record low c f 35 4 31 7 32 9 27 2 24 0 11 2 8 3 17 1 4 5 23 9 0 2 31 6 4 2 39 6 0 2 32 4 5 1 22 8 11 2 11 8 20 7 5 3 29 3 20 7 35 4 31 7 average precipitation mm inches 33 8 1 33 31 4 1 24 34 6 1 36 37 7 1 48 69 1 2 72 65 4 2 57 86 5 3 41 69 4 2 73 56 0 2 20 47 2 1 86 39 2 1 54 39 9 1 57 610 2 24 02 average extreme snow depth cm inches 10 2 4 0 10 9 4 3 7 5 3 0 2 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 3 5 1 4 5 5 2 2 10 9 4 3 average precipitation days 0 1 mm 16 50 14 91 14 17 11 23 12 67 13 27 14 53 11 70 11 83 12 97 15 23 16 00 165 01 average snowy days 0 cm 19 6 17 8 10 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 14 4 68 7 average relative humidity 88 4 85 1 77 8 69 8 71 2 73 1 75 4 77 2 82 5 85 5 90 0 90 4 80 5 average dew point c f 5 23 5 23 2 28 2 36 8 46 11 52 14 57 13 55 10 50 5 41 2 36 2 28 4 40 mean monthly sunshine hours 38 1 57 4 122 1 185 7 254 1 259 3 256 9 250 5 161 8 102 1 38 4 28 9 1 755 3 source 1 institute of meteorology and water management 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 source 2 meteomodel pl records relative humidity 1991 2020 88 89 90 time and date dewpoints 2005 2015 91 climate data for białystok dojlidy elevation 148 m 1961 1990 normals and extremes month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 10 9 51 6 16 4 61 5 21 8 71 2 27 4 81 3 30 1 86 2 32 4 90 3 34 8 94 6 34 6 94 3 29 8 85 6 25 4 77 7 16 8 62 2 13 8 56 8 34 8 94 6 mean daily maximum c f 2 2 28 0 0 6 30 9 4 4 39 9 12 0 53 6 18 4 65 1 21 5 70 7 22 6 72 7 22 1 71 8 17 4 63 3 11 5 52 7 4 6 40 3 0 2 32 4 11 0 51 8 daily mean c f 4 8 23 4 3 8 25 2 0 2 32 4 6 7 44 1 12 9 55 2 16 1 61 0 17 3 63 1 16 3 61 3 12 0 53 6 7 2 45 0 2 2 36 0 2 1 28 2 6 7 44 0 mean daily minimum c f 7 7 18 1 6 8 19 8 3 4 25 9 1 9 35 4 7 0 44 6 10 2 50 4 11 7 53 1 11 1 52 0 7 6 45 7 3 6 38 5 0 1 31 8 4 6 23 7 2 5 36 6 record low c f 35 4 31 7 32 9 27 2 24 0 11 2 8 3 17 1 4 5 23 9 0 7 33 3 5 0 41 0 0 2 32 4 5 1 22 8 9 9 14 2 20 7 5 3 26 2 15 2 35 4 31 7 average precipitation mm inches 35 1 4 26 1 0 31 1 2 36 1 4 56 2 2 74 2 9 80 3 1 70 2 8 52 2 0 46 1 8 46 1 8 40 1 6 592 23 2 average precipitation days 1 0 mm 8 8 7 0 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 9 10 0 8 9 8 7 8 4 9 7 10 1 106 6 source noaa 92 this graph was using the legacy graph extension which is no longer supported it needs to be converted to the new chart extension see or edit raw graph data urban layout edit kościuszko square in 2020 białystok is roughly circular centered around the central market square and branicki palace the decisive influence on the development of the city was exerted by natural and human factors the course of roads the biała and its tributaries and the layout of railway lines the choice of land for the construction of the factory was also determined by the price of the plot the layout of the city in accordance with the 18th century palace and park layout emphasizing the magnificence of the residence hindered the development of the city in width two railway lines białystok suwałki and białystok słonim separated its northern and eastern parts from the rest of the city dziesięciny wygoda zacisze and pieczurki originally the city s territory was about 50 hectares in its early days białystok was located at the intersection of two local roads and had two most important monuments a church with the current brick church from 1626 with an accompanying market square and a gothic castle owned by the noble wiesiołowski family the former owners of the town the project which was aimed at rebuilding the layout of the city was initiated by stefan mikołaj branicki pl at the end of the 17th and early 18th centuries he established a new market polish nowy rynek part of the western side of kosciuszki square with the town hall located on the western side of sienkiewicza street the route leading towards suraż was moved to a new location today s suraska street forming straight road section ending in the southern corner of the market square and creating a new viewing corridor this design decision made it possible to erect new buildings so that the old part of the settlement and the jewish quarter were no longer visible the second viewing corridor was created by shifting the existing route leading towards choroszcz to the northern corner of the market square 93 an example of białystok s urban contrast with a mix of heritage and contemporary architecture the communication system serving the entire city was made of streets radiating out from the central market square an inventory plan made by becker in 1799 was needed by the prussian authorities in connection with the negotiations on the acquisition of białystok for a royal residence the plan is of fundamental importance as it shows the development of the city in the first period of its creation the area of the city did not exceed 1 5 km2 and the population was approximately 3 500 the entire urban area was closed with 6 loose fitting gates and buildings situated on regular plots compact buildings were found only in the market square the frontages of which were 1 2 storey buildings with brick front elevations choroska and zamkowa streets were built up with only brick houses the city was dominated by the palace complex which together with the park covered a substantial area the residence palace was designed on a european scale and created new development opportunities for białystok 94 following the handover of the city from the prussian kingdom to the russian empire in the early 19th century the city began growing in a very fast pace as a result of intensive industrialization losing its original baroque composition 95 after the first world war the first attempts were made to organize the city which had so far developed without plans between the palace grounds and arable land at the request of the association of polish cities in the years 1938 1939 a general urban concept of the city was created by ignacy tłoczek the plan called for the creation of new communication routes relieve the center demolish the chanajki district create a housing estate and connect with it the unique green areas around the city with new tree plantings the second world war prevented the comprehensive implementation of this plan in addition in 1919 the city s territory was significantly expand...