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level is an artificial lake which includes two islands of monkey exhibits 23 the lake is fed by a series of pools and waterfalls 21 beginning at an artificial waterfall called moses rock an allusion to the well of miriam which provided water for the israelites during their 40 year sojourn in the desert water is recycled and pumped back to moses rock through an underground system 17 at the western end of the park stands a two story boat shaped wooden visitor center meant to resemble noah s ark it contains an auditorium an art gallery a gift shop a snack bar and computer stations providing information on animals mentioned in the bible 24 phantasmagorical sculptures by french sculptor niki de saint phalle in the noah s ark sculpture park the zoo operates several snack bars and a coffee shop picnic tables and benches are situated throughout the park there is also an animal themed jungle gym for children and a sculpture garden containing 23 25 phantasmagorical animal sculptures decorated with stones mirrors and mosaics 26 which double as climbing toys designed by french sculptor niki de saint phalle together with an underground noah s ark sculpture designed by swiss architect mario botta 17 27 children can also view 3d films of animals in a small theater near the entrance to the zoo 28 animal exhibits edit the traditional zoo infrastructure of bars and cages has been replaced by open areas separated from the public by trenches moats bridges and glass windows outdoor exhibits also have an indoor shelter in case of bad weather 17 the only areas in which the public has direct contact with the animals are lemur land the petting pool at the wet side story aquatic exhibit and the children s zoo where children can pet and feed pygmy goats sheep rabbits and guinea pigs scimitar horned oryx roam in an open reserve animals and birds reside in natural habitats from an african savannah to a tropical rain forest to the underground world of mice and cockroaches the lesser kestrel exhibit is designed as a house in jerusalem s morasha district formerly a major nesting ground for these birds 8 each animal or bird which is mentioned in the bible has a biblical verse in hebrew arabic and english appended to its information sign 29 behind the scenes the zoo operates an animal medical center with surgery recovery and treatment rooms a laboratory and a quarantine unit where incoming animals and zoo animals being sent to other zoos are tested for diseases this medical center cares for all zoo animals except the elephants giraffes rhinoceroses hippopotamus and bison which are treated in their own exhibits 30 the parking lot accommodates 500 vehicles 17 the city named the street astride the zoo derech aharon shulov aharon shulov way after the zoo s founder 31 animal species edit as of 2009 the zoo housed 2 200 animals representing 271 different species 60 fish species 68 mammal species 28 reptile species 11 amphibian species and 104 bird species many species were introduced only in the last few years as the collection numbered 208 species in 2007 2 food sources edit nubian ibex at feeding time the massive amount of fruits and vegetables consumed daily by the zoo s animals are acquired free of charge through an agreement shulov worked out with israeli companies that tithe their produce in accordance with jewish law 10 during the days of the temple in jerusalem terumah a tithe on agricultural produce was designated for the kohanim priests and their animals after the destruction of the temple the rabbis decreed that the tithed produce could not be used and had to be destroyed the animals of the biblical zoo were symbolically sold to a kohen so that this tithed produce could be given to them 32 33 the animals of the biblical zoo receive nearly a ton of the choicest fruits and vegetables every day 34 through a distribution handled by the local religious council 32 meat consumed by the carnivores is furnished by kosher butchers veterinarians and fishermen 10 pruned branches from edible plants in the park such as date palms olive trees and carob trees are also used for fodder 35 during passover the entire zoo is chametz free 36 four to six weeks before the holiday the animal feed pellets are switched from wheat based to rice based ingredients and after passover they are gradually switched back to wheat based 37 themes and focus edit wildlife conservation edit syrian brown bears at the zoo addax in the african yard of the zoo the zoo sees its primary goal as the conservation of endangered species 38 these include animals mentioned in the bible which are now extinct in israel such as asiatic lions syrian brown bears asiatic cheetahs nile crocodiles and persian fallow deer which has since been reintroduced to israel and arabian leopards which are critically endangered and on the verge of extinction in israel 39 it also includes endangered species worldwide such as asian elephants which historically also lived in the levant rare species of macaw 39 cockatiels ibises and golden lion tamarins towards that end the zoo undertakes to breed animals in captivity and in some cases reintroduce them to the wild through this program the zoo has successfully increased the number of persian fallow deer in israel this species was thought to be extinct in the 20th century until a small number of deer were located in iran in 1956 in 1978 four of these deer were brought to israel and have since increased to several hundred with a major breeding colony at the jerusalem biblical zoo 40 a concurrent project to protect the negev tortoise from extinction involves breeding from artificially incubated eggs 41 there is a captive breeding programme for the blind cave shrimp typhlocaris galilea 42 43 at the zoo s national center for artificial incubation of raptor eggs eggs of raptors that are either extinct or severely decimated in israel are incubated from captive breeding pairs 41 the griffon vulture an endangered species is the subject of much research activity the zoo has successfully mated vultures with crippled wings a feat that ornithologists previously thought could not be accomplished because these birds could not balance themselves properly 44 it has also used two male vultures to hatch and raise chicks from incubated eggs 45 additionally the zoo participates in a countrywide breeding program coordinated by the israel nature and parks authority to increase the birth rate of griffon vultures in the wild 46 the zoo conducts a small ceremony each time it returns a bird to the wild in 1996 for the release of a griffon vulture which it named freedom the zoo invited the mother of captured israeli navigator ron arad to help release the bird 47 the year old gabi left with his mother tamar in the elephant enclosure january 2007 the zoo is considered a world leader and educator in reproductive intervention 48 it achieved a major success in december 2005 with the birth of gabi the first elephant conceived in israel through artificial insemination 49 in conjunction with a team from the reproduction management institute for zoo biology and wildlife research of berlin zoo veterinarians impregnated one of their female elephants tamar with sperm obtained from emmett a bull elephant in the whipsnade animal park bedfordshire england 48 on 10 december 2005 gabi s six hour birth was viewed by over 350 000 people in 108 countries via live streaming on the zoo s website 1 the zoo has also pioneered the use of animal birth control it was the first to use a dart gun to implant a slow release hormone into the thigh of a female giraffe she is the daughter of the zoo s bull giraffe and inbreeding is inadvisable the zoo uses slow release hormones to control its chimpanzee and mandrill populations which are reproducing too quickly for the space they occupy letting the animals multiply and sending family members to other zoos is unwise according to veterinarians 48 newborn animals that are threatened or ignored by their parents are raised by the veterinary staff on 31 december 2008 for example a newborn tiger cub ignored by its mother was taken home by a staff member to be bottle fed 50 51 a newborn leopard rejected by its mother spent its days at the zoo and nights at veterinarians homes for its first three and a half months of life 37 52 the zoo also provides medical treatment for animals and birds injured in the wild 53 the wildlife is either released back to their natural environment if they are healthy enough or placed in other zoos in the late 2000s an aviary was built for eagle owls which the zoo is nursing back to health 41 public education edit children view a snake behind protective glass public education is another prime focus of the zoo according to shai doron director general of the zoo since 1993 54 our moral right to exist comes from educating and raising the awareness of our visitors 1 many israelis both jewish and arab are not familiar with zoos and get overexcited at seeing the animals on display 10 dozens of zoo personnel man the displays during peak holiday times to stop visitors from throwing food and other items at the animals the animals do have a preference for bamba the popular children s peanut and corn snack though it gives the monkeys diarrhea other common projectiles include bottles plastic bags and children s shoes 55 in 1997 a toco toucan was found dead in its cage next to pieces of avocado a known bird toxin 55 in 2006 a hippopotamus died after swallowing a tennis ball tossed into its enclosure 56 over the past decade and a half the zoo staff claims that public awareness has improved 55 through visiting school groups after school groups special education groups and summer camps children learn about and interact with the animals 17 educational activities for children including the zoo s own youth movement promote interracial encounters between arab and jewish youth 57 the zoo also mounts a traveling workshop called the zoomobile which brings small animals in cages and a sound system carrying the sounds of larger animals to schools hospitals and other locations 58 environmental awareness edit an animated water droplet projected onto a cascade of running water talks to visitors at the wet side story aquatic exhibit the zoo teaches environmentalism both in its exhibits and by personal example since 1997 59 it has featured an ecological maze 26 a short path meandering through high bushes with signs that highlight ecological challenges in israel in spring 2010 it unveiled a 1 5 million aquatic exhibit called wet side story 60 which stresses the importance of water conservation ecology awareness and water challenges in the middle east and around the world 8 this exhibit displays rare and endangered marine life 60 in 17 large aquariums and three huge water tanks measuring 2 4 metres 7 14 ft there is also an outdoor petting pool where visitors can touch and feed koi 61 in keeping with its green policy the zoo maintains its own sewage treatment system and uses recycled water to irrigate its gardens food and animal waste are mixed with plant material and placed in large compost piles the compost is used to fertilize the trees and shrubs 8 the zoo sells its organic compost in the gift shop 35 in 2006 receptacles for collecting used plastic drink bottles were installed next to each of the snack bars and used batteries are collected at the gift shop 53 to reduce carbon emissions and traffic the zoo schedules the use of delivery and security vehicles 35 research edit the jerusalem biblical zoo participates in national and international research projects in the fields of zoology biology and environmental science and publishes papers in journals and at scientific meetings 62 63 64 65 66 through its aharon shulov fund for the study of animals in captivity it also provides grants for research on animal welfare and husbandry animal reintroduction reproduction of endangered species conservation genetics and exotic animal nutrition and medical care 67 the fund is sponsored by shulov s family the friends of the zoo association and the jerusalem zoo 68 the zoo hosts academic seminars and student research at the gabi center located in a 2 0 square metre 21 sq ft facility inside the main entrance the center was named in memory of dr gabi eshkar deputy director general and chief veterinarian of the zoo for over 17 years who was killed in an automobile accident in 2004 69 affiliations edit flamingos at the zoo the jerusalem biblical zoo is a full member of the european association of zoos and aquaria eaza 4 zoo director general shai doron is the only eaza council member from israel in the 2009 2012 season 70 while general curator shmulik yedvab has been eaza s european endangered species programme project coordinator for the white tailed sea eagle population of europe and asia since 1995 48 71 the zoo is also a member of the world association of zoos and aquariums waza 3 the israel zoo association which it helped form 5 and the international species information system isis 6 members of the veterinary staff belong to the american association of zoo veterinarians the european association of zoo and wildlife veterinarians and the european group on zoo animal contraception 72 visitors and volunteers edit a boy tries to pet the goats at the children s petting zoo a record 738 000 people visited the zoo in 2009 2 the zoo does a brisk business in tourist groups school groups and summer camps over 120 000 visitors arrived in groups in 2009 included in the total are 63 groups of special needs children both jewish and arab 53 who participate in weekly sessions of animal assisted therapy 8 total capacity in the park is 11 000 visitors 26 over 50 volunteers assist zoo operations on a weekly basis 73 the zoo s youth movement called tnuat noach hebrew תנועת נח noah s movement involves teens aged 13 15 as volunteers in the children s zoo small animal building and bird and herbivores sections 74 members meet weekly with zoo staff and participate in hikes and expeditions in nature reserves 75 in march 2013 a zoo guide application for iphone and ipad was released which includes gps navigation within the zoo detailed information written pictorial and audio about the animals and a detailed daily schedule of feedings and events 76 special events edit the zoo which is open every day of the year except yom kippur yom hashoah and yom hazikaron schedules special activities on selected dates tree planting activities are an annual tu bishvat tradition on both days of purim there is a parade a family costume competition and a tug of war between the entire hapoel jerusalem basketball team and one of the elephants the elephant always wins on israel s election day zoo goers are encouraged to vote for their favorite animal 53 during the summer the zoo conducts tours of nocturnal animals in the wee hours of the night it also schedules jazz concerts juggling and workshops during school vacations 77 expansion plans edit the ma...