Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

bibliometrics, and, open, science, bibliography, of, 1945, citation, 1960, metrics, 1990, the, to, contents, definition, history, usage, see, also, references, external, links, early, experiments, 1880, 1914, development, statistics, 1910, periodical, crisis, digitization, index, bibliometric, reductionism, structuration, research, field, web, turn, present, from, altmetrics, infrastructure, for, data, without, evaluation, shift, quantitative, studies, books, thesis, journal, articles, book, sections, reports, conferences,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (596), and (292), #science (149), #bibliometrics (107), research (85), for (84), citation (81), scientific (80), open (80), data (65), metrics (55), doi (55), with (54), 2009 (53), that (53), was (50), analysis (47), from (42), bellis (42), journal (41), academic (40), information (39), index (38), 2020 (36), web (35), has (35), s2cid (32), retrieved (30), publications (29), impact (28), studies (28), quantitative (28), this (27), more (27), 2022 (26), issn (26), journals (25), bibliometric (25), edit (25), 2019 (25), isbn (24), garfield (24), been (24), access (22), scientometrics (22), 978 (22), citations (22), have (21), articles (20), history (20), price (20), development (20), field (20), not (20), their (20), altmetrics (19), technology (19), social (19), 2015 (19), april (18), publication (18), publishing (18), literature (18), are (18), first (18), also (18), such (18), used (18), were (18), which (18), sources (17), december (17), large (17), statistical (17), yes (17), use (16), work (16), 2017 (16), infrastructure (16), bibliographic (16), new (16), tools (16), like (16), all (15), evaluation (15), 2021 (15), bibliography (15), its (15), search (14), may (14), other (14), scholarly (13), review (13), knowledge (13), ball (13), software (13), text (12), 2023 (12), international (12), indicators (12), article (12), papers (12), early (12), published (12), rafael (12), press (12), march (12), 2016 (12), after (12), methods (12), wikipedia (11), non (11), links (11), researchers (11), communication (11), wide (11), factor (11), system (11), assessment (11), between (11), paul (11), main (11), major (11), 2018 (11), into (11), original (11), elsevier (11), statistics (10), policy (10), network (10), based (10), june (10), july (10), 1515 (10), handbook (10), herb (10), pmid (10), fundamental (10), value (10), manifesto (10), references (10), study (10), one (10), but (10), they (10), had (10), than (10), would (10), can (10), law (10), databases (9), society (9), indexes (9), crisis (9), report (9), theory (9), sociology (9), management (9), authors (9), pdf (9), gruyter (9), saur (9), 064661 (9), 9783110646610 (9), critical (9), century (9), leiden (9), libraries (9), gross (9), beyond (9), john (9), since (9), housing (9), definition (9), concept (9), most (9), leading (9), bernal (9), commons (8), electronic (8), openalex (8), core (8), google (8), collection (8), paper (8), project (8), digital (8), funding (8), institutions (8), january (8), wouters (8), conference (8), 2012 (8), measuring (8), library (8), books (8), through (8), became (8), online (8), 2013 (8), sciences (8), otlet (8), while (8), created (8), 1960s (8), content (8), including (8), include (8), focus (8), could (8), september (7), issues (7), national (7), university (7), engines (7), related (7), scopus (7), level (7), thesis (7), media (7), education (7), philosophy (7), metadata (7), graph (7), works (7), already (7), derek (7), reference (7), free (7), american (7), measure (7), 2010 (7), usage (7), number (7), alternative (7), become (7), existing (7), these (7), well (7), several (7), only (7), expanded (7), movement (7), further (7), should (7), rather (7), mendeley (7), set (7), world (7), some (7), available (6), periodical (6), language (6), writing (6), scholar (6), production (6), intellectual (6), freedom (6), david (6), joseph (6), practices (6), future (6), solla (6), projects (6), current (6), 2003 (6), documentation (6), how (6), bibcode (6), larivière (6), sugimoto (6), big (6), what (6), nature (6), applied (6), performance (6), cameron (6), archived (6), cole (6), eales (6), 1917 (6), francis (6), structural (6), especially (6), limited (6), corpus (6), increasingly (6), possible (6), specific (6), there (6), largely (6), 113 (6), envisioned (6), considered (6), recent (6), example (6), commonly (6), both (6), move (6), fields (6), retrieval (6), toggle (5), contents (5), about (5), privacy (5), under (5), using (5), foundation (5), page (5), cs1 (5), external (5), october (5), august (5), different (5), wikidata (5), advantage (5), author (5), publishers (5), book (5), chemical (5), technical (5), process (5), design (5), method (5), shift (5), full (5), accessible (5), arxiv (5), until (5), concepts (5), next (5), general (5), wilsdon (5), robert (5), metric (5), reports (5), applications (5), eugene (5), historical (5), ulrich (5), 1108 (5), cite (5), gender (5), november (5), waltman (5), coverage (5), torny (5), capelli (5), danjean (5), elpub (5), infrastructures (5), our (5), 2014 (5), neylon (5), godin (5), toward (5), approach (5), nellie (5), 1945 (5), 1999 (5), two (5), technologies (5), see (5), will (5), infometrics (5), need (5), introduced (5), late (5), context (5), qualitative (5), debate (5), when (5), high (5), initiative (5), creation (5), platforms (5), proprietary (5), transparent (5), structure (5), emerging (5), forms (5), varied (5), contrast (5), partly (5), made (5), desmond (5), output (5), results (5), significant (5), documents (5), computing (5), out (5), wikimedia (4), dead (4), style (4), 2025 (4), pages (4), semantic (4), version (4), proceedings (4), working (4), public (4), innovation (4), community (4), mapping (4), haunschild (4), priem (4), generation (4), landscape (4), european (4), james (4), campbell (4), jovanovic (4), where (4), institute (4), chen (4), systems (4), encyclopedia (4), gingras (4), surveillance (4), reviews (4), analyses (4), cassidy (4), plos (4), ideas (4), preprints (4), principles (4), during (4), 1007 (4), descriptive (4), internet (4), higher (4), 2006 (4), benoît (4), productivity (4), cattell (4), database (4), pritchard (4), 1957 (4), searching (4), 1927 (4), college (4), mit (4), 262 (4), london (4), led (4), 1934 (4), hulme (4), des (4), bourne (4), services (4), 1963 (4), 000 (4), year (4), prices (4), known (4), practice (4), 104 (4), find (4), disciplines (4), entailed (4), prevalent (4), 2010s (4), pre (4), important (4), texts (4), entire (4), board (4), lack (4), sharing (4), quality (4), initially (4), associated (4), years (4), over (4), countries (4), very (4), ecosystem (4), commercial (4), networks (4), every (4), group (4), communities (4), laid (4), conceived (4), individual (4), even (4), term (4), basis (4), specialized (4), key (4), archives (4), standard (4), central (4), way (4), scientists (4), highlighted (4), relationship (4), activities (4), influence (4), concentration (4), expansion (4), reductionism (4), itself (4), turn (4), 1990 (4), second (4), few (4), bradford (4), 1960 (4), indexing (4), english (4), experiment (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), languages (3), view (3), terms (3), german (3), publisher (3), verification (3), short (3), category (3), guides (3), least (3), unit (3), peer (3), topics (3), sci (3), ranking (3), engineering (3), theories (3), technological (3), change (3), strong (3), traditional (3), normal (3), problem (3), right (3), ethics (3), freely (3), microsoft (3), fully (3), per (3), commission (3), office (3), hefce (3), trend (3), heck (3), danesh (3), mardani (3), nejad (3), integration (3), initiatives (3), der (3), hertzel (3), help (3), indexed (3), global (3), yves (3), 2641 (3), 3337 (3), 1162 (3), towards (3), 103 (3), pmc (3), physics (3), wainwright (3), bervejillo (3), power (3), capitalism (3), 1177 (3), systematic (3), ludo (3), vincent (3), hdl (3), maría (3), 23d (3), scientometric (3), michael (3), 105 (3), 1038 (3), 1002 (3), approaches (3), 2008 (3), jstor (3), 1997 (3), universal (3), 111 (3), permanent (3), link (3), 1969 (3), luhn (3), lotka (3), anatomy (3), progress (3), mckeen (3), samuel (3), common (3), introduction (3), trends (3), nicholas (3), ritchie (3), 1978 (3), 1975 (3), civilization (3), hahn (3), www (3), replace (3), framework (3), tool (3), now (3), those (3), labels (3), range (3), object (3), empirical (3), originally (3), 2000s (3), label (3), editorial (3), aimed (3), inequalities (3), around (3), unprecedented (3), defined (3), seem (3), nor (3), just (3), make (3), integrated (3), amount (3), dataset (3), collected (3), given (3), called (3), simple (3), focused (3), effect (3), written (3), importance (3), implemented (3), expert (3), program (3), indices (3), misuse (3), developed (3), included (3), partial (3), plum (3), analytics (3), clarivate (3), particular (3), far (3), proved (3), end (3), figures (3), utopian (3), gradually (3), emergence (3), materials (3), interest (3), keywords (3), product (3), 20th (3), secondary (3), limitations (3), allow (3), item (3), users (3), time (3), growing (3), potential (3), increasing (3), 1990s (3), business (3), aspects (3), managing (3), form (3), appearance (3), being (3), perspective (3), rapid (3), aspect (3), scale (3), same (3), share (3), areas (3), attached (3), mid (3), present (3), continued (3), case (3), 577 (3), past (3), war (3), them (3), motivated (3), measurement (3), automated (3), vision (3), plan (3), file (3), experiments (3), account (3), 1910 (3), favor (3), argument (3), overlap (3), realism (3), subsection (3), table (2), legal (2), contact (2), apply (2), agree (2), organization (2), rendered (2), edited (2), spanish (2), permanently (2), maint (2), location (2), needing (2), factual (2), description (2), https (2), org (2), yale (2), france (2), control (2), preprint (2), policies (2), highly (2), cited (2), lists (2), publishable (2), record (2), hub (2), reform (2), scimago (2), rank (2), rankings (2), eigenfactor (2), patent (2), notes (2), annual (2), position (2), health (2), scholars (2), women (2), criticism (2), revolution (2), anthropology (2), stem (2), skepticism (2), misconduct (2), post (2), neo (2), psychology (2), events (2), paradigm (2), metascience (2), constructivism (2), postpositivism (2), positivism (2), empiricism (2), antipositivism (2), economy (2), economics (2), scheidsteger (2), thomas (2), robin (2), sti (2), 5281 (2), zenodo (2), relevance (2), jason (2), piwowar (2), heather (2), orr (2), richard (2), venues (2), conferences (2), mario (2), aspesi (2), allen (2), lis (2), changing (2), implications (2), 2777 (2), bar (2), responsible (2), hill (2), simon (2), ian (2), ben (2), role (2), milos (2), 318 (2), tunger (2), meier (2), classification (2), farshid (2), ali (2), 006 (2), overview (2), posada (2), alejandro (2), chan (2), leslie (2), openedition (2), february (2), 979 (2), 22nd (2), revised (2), vertical (2), inequality (2), offenheit (2), und (2), wissenschaft (2), sections (2), laakso (2), providers (2), preservation (2), 0022 (2), 0418 (2), 0016 (2), requires (2), jiao (2), fang (2), exclusively (2), dimensions (2), 2307 (2), akbaritabar (2), theile (2), zagheni (2), rates (2), response (2), chary (2), care (2), strumia (2), 253 (2), 1016 (2), geoforum (2), 012 (2), 118 (2), aristovnik (2), ravšelj (2), umek (2), 3390 (2), sustainability (2), covid (2), linnenluecke (2), marrone (2), singh (2), 194 (2), opening (2), fernández (2), ramos (2), evolution (2), deals (2), universities (2), hutchins (2), 1371 (2), pbio (2), biology (2), resource (2), 4000 (2), hauschke (2), implementation (2), rosi (2), bosman (2), daniel (2), guide (2), okune (2), inclusive (2), british (2), lives (2), bornmann (2), extent (2), background (2), frangopol (2), s11192 (2), hicks (2), 1476 (2), 4687 (2), 520 (2), peroni (2), alexander (2), rousseau (2), 510 (2), cronin (2), blaise (2), 213 (2), 211 (2), 504 (2), schaer (2), informetrics (2), 281 (2), 267 (2), hovden (2), diem (2), wolter (2), 114 (2), taraborelli (2), dario (2), 2011 (2), hoang (2), kaur (2), menczer (2), kurtz (2), bollen (2), 1000242 (2), henderson (2), shurville (2), fernstrom (2), glänzel (2), 2007 (2), men (2), 133 (2), 109 (2), star (2), ruhleder (2), 1996 (2), 134 (2), steps (2), alan (2), ibm (2), 1713 (2), 385 (2), alfred (2), 1926 (2), frequency (2), distribution (2), academy (2), comparative (2), 578 (2), 1903 (2), psychologists (2), 328 (2), 1412321 (2), les (2), sur (2), recherche (2), biagioli (2), cambridge (2), oclc (2), gaming (2), moore (2), deposit (2), needs (2), know (2), uses (2), hogan (2), techniques (2), cybermetrics (2), culture (2), making (2), conceptual (2), netherlands (2), royal (2), 300 (2), babylon (2), livre (2), edward (2), wyndham (2), 1923 (2), relation (2), growth (2), modern (2), 1896 (2), special (2), candolle (2), alphonse (2), 1885 (2), histoire (2), savants (2), depuis (2), deux (2), siècles (2), charles (2), decision (2), 288 (2), news (2), center (2), insights (2), 106281 (2), council (2), england (2), cannot (2), excellence (2), 2024 (2), decades (2), inside (2), home (2), best (2), par (2), 131 (2), tim (2), berners (2), lee (2), sent (2), 1991 (2), alt (2), hypertext (2), thomson (2), reuters (2), broadus (2), 1987 (2), webometrics (2), identify (2), whom (2), robust (2), opted (2), imbalance (2), dramatic (2), redefinition (2), selection (2), neither (2), necessary (2), proponents (2), closed (2), back (2), place (2), whole (2), equal (2), aim (2), focusing (2), learn (2), without (2), members (2), reproducible (2), must (2), concerned (2), replacement (2), millions (2), due (2), mag (2), suited (2), before (2), found (2), along (2), indexation (2), variety (2), pubmed (2), initial (2), accessibility (2), faced (2), opencitations (2), structured (2), shared (2), emerged (2), another (2), san (2), francisco (2), declaration (2), factors (2), hiring (2), promotion (2), despite (2), direct (2), resources (2), managed (2), though (2), nascent (2), imagine (2), cites (2), day (2), structures (2), systemic (2), linked (2), measured (2), impacts (2), 115 (2), reading (2), yet (2), impactstory (2), altmetric (2), regard (2), shifted (2), evolved (2), circulation (2), circles (2), brought (2), question (2), transparency (2), count (2), characterized (2), outputs (2), zotero (2), came (2), multiplication (2), broader (2), developments (2), fact (2), show (2), much (2), compared (2), reductionist (2), influenced (2), enhanced (2), gained (2), relevancy (2), philosophical (2), inspiration (2), inquiry (2), cancellations (2), deal (2), thesauri (2), frequencies (2), identifying (2), cluster (2), regression (2), assess (2), met (2), various (2), popularity (2), often (2), demand (2), popular (2), means (2), hand (2), economic (2), gauge (2), schools (2), material (2), librarians (2), evaluating (2), citing (2), relationships (2), involves (2), reforms (2), proposed (2), reliance (2), either (2), built (2), val (2), hivebench (2), components (2), simultaneously (2), market (2), models (2), contribute (2), series (2), personal (2), platform (2), visions (2), inspired (2), logical (2), exclusive (2), 1950s (2), alone (2), then (2), down (2), patterns (2), probably (2), come (2), invisible (2), derived (2), energy (2), enquire (2), internal (2), unveiled (2), having (2), rapidly (2), likely (2), formally (2), similar (2), algorithm (2), plot (2), within (2), historiography (2), degree (2), frac (2), 74090 (2), 880 (2), 902 (2), famous (2), elite (2), yield (2), diminishing (2), returns (2), simply (2), tend (2), produced (2), scattering (2), 1961 (2), argued (2), remain (2), edifice (2), parallel (2), twentieth (2), contributed (2), attention (2), structuration (2), discourse (2), sentences (2), solution (2), did (2), his (2), ambitious (2), joshua (2), lederberg (2), shepard (2), william (2), memory (2), words (2), sort (2), difficult (2), translation (2), period (2), centralized (2), ledeberg (2), still (2), turned (2), relevant (2), sputnik (2), upon (2), print (2), action (2), bibliométrie (2), digitization (2), identified (2), ranked (2), depending (2), environment (2), later (2), point (2), human (2), too (2), simplistic (2), activity (2), appeared (2), 19th (2), 1880 (2), 1914 (2), application (2), definitions (2), units (2), portal (2), simulation (2), cultural (2), pragmatism (2), art (2), methodology (2), upload (2), changes (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, developers, code, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, additional, site, you, registered, trademark, profit, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, last, 2026, utc, hidden, categories, errors, missing, dmy, dates, php, title, oldid, 1377099702, lux, israel, czech, republic, japan, bnf, united, states, gnd, authority, presses, formatting, copyright, publish, perish, ingelfinger, rule, documentary, editing, orcid, learned, imprint, openaire, sherpa, romeo, erih, plus, copernicus, paperity, base, aminer, retraction, erratum, postprint, versioning, icanhazpdf, serials, cartel, standardized, score, acknowledgment, poster, session, treatise, chapter, festschrift, volume, monograph, biological, types, lab, essay, pamphlet, white, grey, abstract, associations, transfer, dynamics, transitions, determinism, convergence, feminist, technoscience, technocracy, sociotechnical, skunkworks, reverse, salient, normalization, leapfrogging, user, linear, model, disruptive, diffusion, hype, cycle, financial, adopter, mental, dematerialization, cyborg, programme, sociotechnology, ignorance, shaping, construction, actor, unity, ecological, team, scientocracy, priority, literacy, integrity, enterprise, dissent, controversy, consensus, wars, rhetoric, colonial, citizen, replication, pseudoscience, black, swan, controversies, inbreeding, double, hermeneutic, demarcation, consilience, boundary, antiscience, bias, transition, regulation, politicization, horizon, scanning, evidence, divide, transhumanism, epistemology, scientism, religion, luddism, fuzzy, logic, anthropocene, political, length, playlist, video, tutorial, 6975102, 2206, 14168, comparison, 2205, 01833, bauer, ingrid, bohmert, czernecka, alexandra, eichenberger, garbajosa, juan, iovu, horia, kinnaird, yvonne, madeira, ana, carla, nygard, mads, anders, östling, räder, susanne, ravera, eric, thörnström, wit, kurt, claudio, nicole, starr, crow, raym, daugherty, shawn, mcarthur, shockey, nick, scholarship, archive, sparc, industry, directorate, 75255, careers, acknowledging, rewards, incentives, recognition, practicing, ilan, judit, frodeman, lex, elisabeth, peters, 337729, liz, belfiore, eleonora, philip, curry, stephen, steven, jones, kain, roger, kerridge, thelwall, mike, tinkler, jane, viney, jude, johnson, 176, 902369, 13140, 4929, 1363, tide, independent, 242988619, 031, 311, tamara, 516, 235861958, 046, 507, heading, 506, 235878741, 045, 499, dirk, andreas, begun, origin, 190, 235879114, 019, 181, father, 235871925, pendlebury, 235861751, 005, taubert, niels, institutionalization, professionalization, 235860965, 004, 235861940, 003, 243656614, george, pierre, mounier, laboratoire, idées, marseille, 365, 3802, connecting, sustainable, selected, wissenschaftliche, werke, saarbrücker, schriften, zur, informationswissenschaft, saarbrücken, universaar, 86223, 061, digitalen, welt, raan, ton, 2004, capita, selecta, dordrecht, kluwer, 4020, 2702, dorothy, 2nd, crc, 8247, 2077, mikael, assessing, prevalence, 177, 259300771, 157, chenyue, kai, zhichao, examination, 09704, aliakbar, tom, emilio, mpidr, flows, migration, 248102517, qss_c_00178, 315, moralization, kyle, siler, sowmya, amrein, karin, soeteman, djøra, mehta, sangeeta, christopher, kenneth, 34213685, 8253865, 2110, 5820, 1186, s13613, 021, 00889, annals, intensive, disparity, novel, female, alessandro, 233874607, qss_a_00114, 225, joel, guillermo, leveraging, monopoly, chain, era, 212, 234328559, 7185, 210, 9132, su12219132, 2020sust, 9132a, across, martina, mauricio, abhay, 211378937, 0312, 8962, 0312896219877678, 175, australian, conducting, milojević, staša, 211212402, 1866, 23210, qss_e_00025, rebirth, andrés, rodríguez, bravo, blanca, alvite, díez, luisa, santos, paz, lourdes, morán, suárez, antonia, gallego, lorenzo, josefa, olea, merino, isabel, castile, leon, region, spain, 10612, 11498, 3145, epi, nov, profesional, información, evolución, del, uso, los, las, universidades, públicas, castilla, león, baker, davis, diwersy, haque, harriman, hoppe, leicht, meyer, santangelo, e3000385, 31600197, 6786512, 3000385, nih, broad, didier, laurent, lydie, christian, cartellieri, simone, heller, lambert, 31656, 70336574, 2367, 7163, 3897, rio, e31656, outcomes, jeroen, bruno, chapman, chris, tzovaras, bastian, greshake, jacobs, nate, kramer, bianca, martone, maryann, elizabeth, murphy, fiona, donnell, sinai, hagstrom, stephanie, utley, josh, veksler, lusia, ludmila, osf, albornoz, denisse, hillyer, rebecca, angela, 65726844, whose, collaborative, csiszar, alex, 41853820, 28202102, 0007, 0874, 1017, s0007087417000012, cataloguing, authorship, nineteenth, lutz, 543, 1468, 4527, oir, 0314, 529, does, discussion, against, impactmessung, transparenz, 153831, young, scientist, petre, lost, paradise, sin, dodo, bird, sapere, aude, reply, 2257, 28104352, 1588, 2861, 015, 1634, 2255, diana, rijcke, sarah, rafols, ismael, 7548, 431, 4462115, 25903611, 10261, 132304, 520429a, 2015natur, 429h, 429, silvio, dutton, gray, tanya, shotton, setting, 277, 0166, thompson, dennis, walker, cheri, 559, 206358632, 25940769, 1875, 9114, phar, 1586, 551, pharmacotherapy, medical, ronald, 7504, 218, 24919911, 510218e, 2014natur, 218r, forgotten, founder, chaoqun, 7479, 38026327, 24350369, 504211a, disparities, philipp, foundations, problems, 12759, hsr, applying, youtube, 2331, 38708903, asi, 22936, 1303, 0766, 2326, andrea, stefan, 144986574, 0361, 0365, s11162, 9264, 32450731, iwp, 0017, praxis, eine, kleine, frühgeschichte, bibliometrie, groth, lincoln, nebraska, raleigh, websci10, extending, frontiers, line, crowdsourcing, johan, 484831, 1550, 8382, aris, 1440440108, 2010arist, 1102, 2891, shirley, 19918558, 2768794, 1545, 7885, ken, crunch, 167, 10650740910967348, 149, campus, wolfgang, seven, myths, facts, fiction, 44206336, 0973, 7766, 1080, 09737766, 10700836, collnet, conceptions, 1869, circa, 1970, 586, 145245489, 0539018409344475, 547, eugenics, galton, 728, 13166578, 18348397, 25474544, 0306312706075338, 691, 32674188, 0138, 9130, 0086, origins, 1396, 0466, 5210, v2i4, 522, monday, susan, leigh, karen, 10520480, 1047, 7047, 1287, isre, ecology, spaces, 349, 348, mechanized, encoding, literary, 317, 15879823, 0018, 8646, 1147, 0309, 309, 389, 17782476, 1126, 1927sci, 385g, washington, 596, 43426882, 2059, 495x, 0002, 9556, 310, gozlan, clémentine, ens, éditions, 362

Text of the page (random words):
esearch field 1960 1990 2 5 the web turn 1990 present 3 usage 4 bibliometrics and open science toggle bibliometrics and open science subsection 4 1 from altmetrics to open metrics 4 2 infrastructure for open citation data 4 3 bibliometrics without evaluation the shift to quantitative science studies 5 see also 6 references 7 bibliography toggle bibliography subsection 7 1 books thesis 7 2 journal articles 7 3 book sections 7 4 reports 7 5 conferences 8 external links toggle the table of contents bibliometrics 33 languages العربية azərbaycanca català čeština dansk deutsch español eesti فارسی suomi français עברית hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska தமிழ் ไทย українська 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia statistical analysis of written publications an example of a co citation network commonly used in bibliometrics analysis information science general aspects access architecture behavior management retrieval seeking society knowledge organization ontology philosophy science and technology studies taxonomy related fields and subfields academic freedom bibliometrics categorization censorship classification computer data storage cultural studies data modeling freedom of information freedom of the press informatics information ethics information technology information wants to be free intellectual freedom intellectual property internet freedom internet privacy library and information science memory preservation privacy right to privacy right to know quantum information science v t e part of a series on research research design ethics proposal question writing argument referencing research strategy interdisciplinary multimethodology qualitative art based quantitative philosophical schools antipositivism constructivism critical rationalism empiricism fallibilism positivism postpositivism pragmatism realism critical realism subtle realism methodology action research art methodology critical theory grounded theory hermeneutics historiography human subject research narrative inquiry phenomenology pragmatism scientific method methods analysis case study content analysis descriptive statistics discourse analysis ethnography autoethnography experiment field experiment social experiment quasi experiment field research historical method inferential statistics interviews mapping cultural mapping phenomenography secondary research bibliometrics literature review meta analysis scoping review systematic review scientific modelling simulation survey tools and software argument technology gis software lis software bibliometrics reference management science software qualitative data analysis simulation statistics philosophy portal v t e bibliometrics is the application of statistical methods to the study of bibliographic data especially in scientific and library and information science contexts it is closely associated with scientometrics the analysis of scientific metrics and indicators to the point that both fields largely overlap bibliometrics studies first appeared in the late 19th century they have known a significant development after the second world war in a context of periodical crisis and new technical opportunities offered by computing tools in the early 1960s the science citation index of eugene garfield and the citation network analysis of derek john de solla price laid the fundamental basis of a structured research program on bibliometrics citation analysis is a commonly used bibliometric method based on constructing the citation graph 1 a network or graph representation of the citations shared by documents many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field the impact of a set of researchers the impact of a particular paper or to identify particularly impactful papers within a specific field of research bibliometrics tools have been commonly integrated in descriptive linguistics the development of thesauri and evaluation of reader usage beyond specialized scientific use popular web search engines such as the pagerank algorithm implemented by google have been largely shaped by bibliometrics methods and concepts the emergence of the web and the open science movement has gradually transformed the definition and the purpose of bibliometrics in the 2010s historical proprietary infrastructures for citation data such as the web of science or scopus have been challenged by new initiatives in favor of open citation data the leiden manifesto for research metrics 2015 opened a wide debate on the use and transparency of metrics definition edit definitions of the different fields associated with bibliometrics the term bibliométrie was first used by paul otlet in 1934 2 3 and defined as the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents 4 the anglicized version bibliometrics was first used by alan pritchard in a paper published in 1969 titled statistical bibliography or bibliometrics 5 he defined the term as the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication bibliometrics was conceived as a replacement for statistical bibliography the main label used by publications in the field until then for pritchard statistical bibliography was too clumsy and did not make it very clear what was the main object of study 6 in 1987 r n broadus reviewed existing definitions and proposed a more delimited formulation bibliometrics is the quantitative study of physical published units or of bibliographic units or of the surrogates for either 7 the concept of bibliometrics stresses the material aspect of the undertaking counting books articles publications citations 8 in theory bibliometrics is a distinct field from scientometrics from the russian naukometriya 9 which relies on the analysis of non bibliographic indicators of scientific activity in practice bibliometrics and scientometrics studies tend to use similar data sources and methods as citation data has become the leading standard of quantitative scientific evaluation during the mid 20th century insofar as bibliometric techniques are applied to scientific and technical literature the two areas of scientometrics and bibliometrics overlap to a considerable degree 8 the development of the web and the expansion of bibliometrics approach to non scientific production has entailed the introduction of broader labels in the 1990s and the 2000s infometrics webometrics or cybermetrics 10 these terms have not been extensively adopted as they partly overlap with pre existing research practices such as information retrieval history edit scientific works studies and researches that have a bibliometric character can be identified depending on the definition already for the 12th century in the form of jewish indexes 11 early experiments 1880 1914 edit bibliometric analysis appeared at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century 12 13 14 15 these developments predate the first occurrence of the concept of bibiometrics by several decades alternative label were commonly used bibliography statistics became especially prevalent after 1920 and continued to remain in use until the end of the 1960s 15 early statistical studies of scientific metadata were motivated by the significant expansion of scientific output and the parallel development of indexing services of databases that made this information more accessible in the first place 16 citation index were first applied to case law in the 1860s and their most famous example shepard s citations first published in 1873 will serve as a direct inspiration for the science citation index one century later 17 the emergence of social sciences inspired new speculative research on the science of science and the possibility of studying science itself as a scientific object the belief that social activities including science could be reduced to quantitative laws just as the trajectory of a cannonball and the revolutions of the heavenly bodies traces back to the positivist sociology of auguste comte william ogburn and herbert spencer 18 bibliometric analysis was not conceived as a separate body studies but one of the available methods for the quantitative analysis of scientific activity in different fields of research science history histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siècles of alphonse de candolle in 1885 the history of comparative anatomy a statistical analysis of the literature by francis joseph cole and nellie b eales in 1917 bibliography the theory of national and international bibliography of francis burburry campbell in 1896 or sociology of science statistics of american psychologists of james mckeen cattell in 1903 early bibliometrics and scientometrics work were not simply descriptive but expressed normative views of what science should be and how it could progress the measurement of the performance of individual researchers scientific institutions or entire countries was a major objective 16 the statistical analysis of james mckeen cattell acted as a preparatory work for a large scale evaluation of american researchers with eugenicists undertones american men of science 1906 with its astoundingly simplistic rating system of asterisks attached to individual entries in proportion to the estimated eminence of the starred scholar 12 development of bibliography statistics 1910 1945 edit an early example of bibliometric analysis of a scientific corpus on anatomy by francis joseph cole and nellie b eales in 1917 with a breakdown by topics and countries after 1910 bibliometrics approach increasingly became the main focus in several study of scientific performance rather than one quantitative method among others 19 in 1917 francis joseph cole and nellie b eales argued in favor of the primary statistical value of publications as a publication is an isolated and definite piece of work it is permanent accessible and may be judged and in most cases it is not difficult to ascertain when where and by whom it was done and to plot the results on squared paper 20 five years later edward wyndham hulme expanded this argument to the point that publications could be considered as the standard measure of an entire civilization if civilization is but the product of the human mind operating upon a shifting platform of its environment we may claim for bibliography that it is not only a pillar in the structure of the edifice but that it can function as a measure of the varying forces to which this structure is continuously subjected 21 this shift toward publication had a limited impact well until the 1970s national and international evaluation of scientific activities disdained bibliometric indicators which were deemed too simplistic in favor of socological and economic measures 22 both the enhanced value attached to scientific publications as a measure of knowledge and the difficulties met by libraries to manage the growing flow of academic periodicals entailed the development of the first citation indexes 23 in 1927 p gross and e m gross compiled the 3 633 references quoted by the journal of the american chemical society during the year 1926 and ranked journals depending on their level of citation the two authors created a set of tools and methods still commonly used by academic search engines including attributing a bonus to recent citations since the present trend rather than the past performance of a journal should be considered first 24 yet the academic environment measured was markedly different german rather than english ranked by far the main language of science of chemistry with more than 50 of all references 25 in the same period fundamental algorithms metrics and methods of bibliometrics were first identified in several unrelated projects 26 most of them being related to the structural inequalities of scientific production in alfred lotka introduced its law of productivity from an analysis of the authored publications in the chemical abstracts and the geschichtstafeln der physik the number of authors producing an n number of contributions is equal to the 1 n 2 number of authors that only produced one publication 27 in the chief librarian of the london science museum samuel bradford derived a law of scattering from his experience in bibliographic indexing there are exponentially diminishing returns of searching for references in science journals as more and more work need to be consulted to find relevant work both the lotka and bradford law have been criticized as they are far from universal and rather uncovers a rough power law relationship rendered by deceivingly precise equations 28 periodical crisis digitization and citation index 1945 1960 edit after the second world war the growing challenge in managing and accessing scientific publications turned into a full fledged periodical crisis existing journals could not keep up with the rapidly increasing scientific output spurred by the big science projects 29 9 the issue became politically relevant after the successful launch of sputnik in 1957 the sputnik crisis turned the librarians problem of bibliographic control into a national information crisis 30 in a context of rapid and dramatic change the emerging field of bibliometrics was linked to large scale reforms of academic publishing and nearly utopian visions of the future of science in 1934 paul otlet introduced under the concept of bibliométrie or bibliology an ambitious project of measuring the impact of texts on society in contrast with the bounded definition of bibliometrics that will become prevalent after the 1960s the vision of otlet was not limited to scientific publication nor in fact to publication as a fundamental unit it aimed for by the resolution of texts into atomic elements or ideas which he located in the single paragraphs alinéa verset articulet composing a book 31 in 1939 john desmond bernal envisioned a network of scientific archives which was briefly considered by the royal society in 1948 the scientific paper sent to the central publication office upon approval by an editorial board of referees would be microfilmed and a sort of print on demand system set in action thereafter 32 while not using the concept of bibliometrics bernal had a formative influence of leading figures of the field such as derek john de solla price the emerging computing technologies were immediately considered as a potential solution to make a larger amount of scientific output readable and searchable during the 1950s and 1960s an uncoordinated wave ...