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binhex wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history toggle history subsection 1 1 trs 80 binhex 1 2 mac binhex 1 3 compact binhex 1 4 binhex 4 and 5 1 5 internet usage 2 binhex 4 file format toggle binhex 4 file format subsection 2 1 example of a binhex encoded file 3 references 4 citations 5 see also 6 external links toggle the table of contents binhex 4 languages català español 日本語 polski edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia binary to text encoding binhex 4 filename extension hqx internet media type application mac binhex40 application mac binhex application binhex uniform type identifier uti com apple binhex archive binhex originally short for binary to hexadecimal is a binary to text encoding system which was used on the classic mac os for sending binary files over email binhexed files take up more space than the original files but avoid data corruption by software that is not 8 bit clean history edit trs 80 binhex edit binhex was originally written in 1981 by tim mann for the trs 80 computer as a standalone version of the encoding scheme of the popular terminal emulator st80 iii for users of other terminals it was used for sending files via major online services such as compuserve which not being 8 bit clean required files to use ascii armoring to survive the system became very popular after mann uploaded it to compuserve s trs 80 files area 1 the original scheme converted the binary file contents to hexadecimal numbers encoding those as ascii digits and letters 0 9 a f and adding a newline after every 60 characters the system quickly gained the addition of a checksum at the end of every line to check for errors and a subsequent conversion to use the basic s compiler allowed it to run much faster than the original interpreted version 1 binhex files of the era were typically given the file extension hex ports soon appeared for other popular computers of the era including the apple ii when compuserve later added support for 8 bit transfers the format fell out of use 1 mac binhex edit when the macintosh 128k was released in january 1984 the file upload problem still existed on compuserve in april binhex was ported to the mac using ms basic for macintosh 1 the macintosh file system had introduced the storage of files as a resource fork and data fork and the macintosh port only supported encoding of files data fork meaning it could only be used for data files several newer versions were published during 1984 resulting in binhex 3 which could encode both forks yves lempereur author of the first assembler for the mac macasm ported binhex 3 to assembly language increasing its speed a hundred fold and released it as binhex 1 0 2 compact binhex edit the simplicity of the original binhex format made it inefficient expanding every byte of input into two as required by the hexadecimal representation an 8 to 4 bit encoding lempereur implemented a new 8 to 6 bit encoding which decreased file size by 50 and expanded the checksum from 8 to 16 bits releasing this as binhex 2 0 2 the new encoding used the first 64 ascii printing characters including the space to represent the data similarly to uuencoding as the smaller files were incompatible with the older format lempereur changed the file extension to hcx with c meaning compact the name binhex did not change despite the format no longer being a hexadecimal representation 2 binhex 4 and 5 edit in 1985 lempereur released binhex 4 0 skipping 3 0 to avoid confusion with a similarly numbered version in basic this version performed the following sequence of operations 3 generate cyclic redundancy checks crcs for the data fork resource fork and file metadata instead of a single checksum combine the forks and metadata with their checksums into a common 8 bit format apply run length encoding to provide some compression perform the 8 to 6 bit conversion the resulting files were roughly the same size as those from binhex 2 but much more robust with the metadata information in the header being protected from corruption by no longer being in plain text the file extension for this new format was hqx 2 at about the same time most online services had started to support robust 8 bit file transfer protocols such as zmodem this obviated the need for ascii armoring but on the macintosh there was still the need to encode the two forks into one leading to the development of the macbinary file format lempereur released binhex 5 0 which only differed by using macbinary to combine the forks but it saw little use 2 internet usage edit while the internet was gaining popularity in the 1990s email was still the primary method of moving files relatively few people had full access and services like ftpmail were the only way many users could download files consequently binary files still required encoding and binhex 4 0 remained a popular tool for doing so into the late 1990s binhexed files can still be found today in archives of classic mac os software 2 binhex 4 file format edit a binhex file may begin with any text content followed by a line which indicates the format of the file and that binary data is about to begin this file must be converted with binhex 4 0 the text preceding that line is ignored when the file is converted out of binhex format 3 4 the binary data is encoded to 7 bit ascii characters with three bytes of input 24 bits divided into four 6 bit values in a similar fashion to base64 encoding but using a different set of characters the encoded data has a colon placed before and after it and is split into lines of a maximum of 64 characters in length 3 example of a binhex encoded file edit this file must be converted with binhex 4 0 f teqkph jdca0d r0tg 6594 8dp8 3 3 m ema6593k mfna kg3 r rr 3d bqpzd 9i r4pfh3 rq av j 3 i n qkujru 3 q 3 4 483n f 3 xaj6bv h8mj b3 n 0 3 3 cr iiy i 4 j fp x x3 j mze6 grikui hgkmf0u61s46 i1 ab ti fll d1x3rdde8alftcbm 8up9p4iuqy 0k4krhpk9xk rbj2ti u 5rgh fr i4t6 qxpfl26 k h5 nml tiki l3gi4 f8mii 01cnebc2lrnlbeaz1hg g8 z6 k hh q9p r6fc se ic pd 4 b pflkc h1 jn5 gvx3mredh55 l yhp q092c a hpv 83dr f4 l i1am vjqv q 34kqq6 m f8 zc i zn k rs la 3cl dyi k z 3 fki references edit 1 2 3 4 mann 1997 1 2 3 4 5 6 lempereur 1997 1 2 3 faltstrom crocker fair 1994 lewis 1991 citations edit faltstrom p crocker d fair e december 1994 mime content type for binhex encoded files ietf doi 10 17487 rfc1741 rfc 1741 lempereur yves 25 november 1997 re prehistory of binhex lewis peter n august 1991 binhex 4 0 definition mann tim 1997 prehistory of binhex see also edit binary to text encoding for a comparison of various encoding algorithms external links edit binhex 4 0 at macintosh repository retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title binhex oldid 1371350324 categories archive formats binary to text encoding formats computer related introductions in 1984 hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 26 august 2026 at 01 24 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit 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