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Text of the page (random words):
oth gender forms or use the lexically unmarked masculine a pedestrian zone sign a on the main street of vienna s meidling district using internal i fußgängerinnenzone other gender inclusive typographic conventions exist in german that perform a similar function such as the gender star background edit a sign for dog owners in a vienna park with two binnen i examples b u s second wave edit main article second wave feminism part of the academic ferment in the united states in second wave feminism in the 1970s was the attention paid to gender bias in language 1 including the uncovering of the gendered nature of many linguistic rules and norms and how the use of language could be analyzed from a feminist viewpoint 2 studies showed the sexually biased use of language including he as a generic pronoun meaning both males and females 3 4 and how this was not just an outgrowth of natural language evolution but in fact was enforced by prescriptivist male grammarians 4 5 by the 1980s and 1990s feminist critique of language had spread to germany 6 and other countries nouns and gender edit main article grammatical gender in german example of binnen i radfahrer is bicyclist and radfahrerinnen with the medial capital i is male and female bicyclists on a traffic sign in linz austria german has three genders masculine feminine and neuter with the exception of some relationship nouns mother father daughter etc that are tied to the sex of the person the gender of a noun is arbitrary and can be any one of the three 7 c for example masculine knoblauch garlic feminine steckrübe turnip person person or neuter haus house mädchen girl in german as to a lesser extent in english some nouns designating people come in masculine feminine pairs in german they are often distinguished by an in suffix in the feminine schauspieler schauspielerin where english sometimes uses ess actor actress similarly in both languages the feminine form of such nouns is semantically marked and can only refer to a woman in each language whereas the masculine form is unmarked and can designate either a man if known or an unknown person of indeterminate sex in the plural german generally has separate plurals for masculine and feminine juristen juristinnen male attorneys female attorneys in referring to a mixed male female group of people historically one would use the generic masculine for example kollegen masc pl colleagues to make it clear that both genders are included one could use a three word phrase with the masculine and feminine versions of the noun joined by und and e g kolleginnen und kollegen women colleagues and male colleagues history edit feminist sprachkritik edit the bottom sign pfadfinderinnenheim points to a scouting residence d for boy and girl scouts in gablitz austria at the end of the 1970s groundbreaking work created the field of german feminist linguistics e and critiqued both the inherent structure and usage of german on the one hand and on the other men s and women s language behavior and concluded that german is antagonistic towards women frauenfeindlich for example in the use of the generic masculine form when referring to mixed groups which makes women have no representation in the language mirrors a man s world and makes it seem like students professors employees bosses politicians every group spoken about is male and women were invisible in the patterns of speech and went on to say that language doesn t only mirror reality it creates it 1 8 9 the use of medial capital i in germany in this sense dates to the 1980s in response to activism by german feminists for orthographic changes to promote gender equality in german writing some of this was called frauendeutsch women s german it is a solution to a problem of word economy how do you avoid saying a three word compound e g lehrer und lehrerinnen male teachers and female teachers when you just want to say teachers in german there are four methods of varying levels of acceptance 10 word pair with and lehrer und lehrerinnen male teachers and female teachers completely acceptable and standard colon lehrer in pl lehrer innen parentheses lehrer in male teacher female teacher pl lehrer innen male teachers female teachers slash lehrer in pl lehrer innen internal i lehrerin pl lehrerinnen in 1990 this usage caused a kerfuffle in the landtag of north rhine westphalia when an official complaint was lodged by the chair of the free democratic party against the green party who had used some words with medial capital i in some of their parliamentary motions saying that it was incorrect according to the german language the president of the landtag at the time responded by declaring that printed documents destined to be distributed throughout the state had to follow the official duden language standard until such time that the duden accepted the capital i the same year the wiesbaden magistrate recommended the use of medial capital i for municipal office use and prohibited the use of purely masculine terminology the wiesbaden women s affairs officer said that this had already been standard usage by the mayor and by some departments and agencies by 1990 11 usage and norms edit like french spanish and other languages but unlike english the german language has a language academy the rat für deutsche rechtschreibung 12 council for german orthography that watches over the language and prescribes spelling and usage in official dictionaries and usage guides and publishes occasional reforms to the standards like the 1996 spelling reform the twelve volume duden dictionary and language reference is the officially recognized standard reference of the language reflecting the views of the spelling council as binnen i is a typographic convention it is seen in writing and the internal capital i does not affect pronunciation of a word written with binnen i however in some cases there is an attempt to indicate the convention in pronunciation by using a glottal stop to create a momentary pause before the i citation needed other methods edit other nonstandard typographic conventions exist in german for promoting gender inclusivity including use of a slash parentheses an underscore called the gender gap de or an asterisk the gender star citation needed gender star edit this sign reading radfahrer absteigen cyclists dismount has been amended with a gender star to make it gender neutral main article gender star the gender star is another recent nonstandard typographic convention influenced by feminist linguistics this convention uses an asterisk before the innen suffix to perform the same function as the medial capital i does for binnen i since the asterisk resembles a star when used for this function the asterisk is referred to as the gendersternchen literally little gender star the gender star was put forward as an improvement on the binnen i which was seen as too beholden to the gender binary whereas the asterisk allowed other non binary genders to be included 13 it started off being used in universities was then adopted by public administrations and other institutions and finally ended up being officially adopted by the green party in 2015 as a way to avoid discrimination against transgender and intersex individuals and others since 2017 it is part of the official regulations of the berlin senate 14 gender star was named german anglicism of the year de in 2018 15 the gender star is pronounced by some people who employ a glottal stop to mark it in situations other than this one the stop sometimes occurs at the beginning of a word and sometimes in the middle but never before suffixes 13 luise pusch criticized the gender star because it fails to get rid of the linguistic invisibility of women it symbolizes as do the slash or the parenthesis typographic conventions that women are the second choice 16 see also edit feminism portal germany portal language portal capitalization capitalization in english feminist language reform gender neutral language gender neutral pronoun gender role in language german orthography grammatical gender language and gender language and thought lavender linguistics letter case sapir whorf hypothesis women s studies notes edit fußgängerinnenzone pedestrian zone from fußgänger pedestrian innen zone the standard word for this in german is fußgängerzone hundehalter is dog owner and hundehalterinnen is male and female dog owners in the full size image you can see anrainerinnen neighbors as well the sign requests owners to keep their dogs from continuous barking for the sake of the neighbors certain word suffixes like lein ung chen and others are tied to a certain noun gender so are not arbitrary in that sense pfadfinder is boy scout innen heim shelter hut residence gives pfadfinderinnenheim with binnen i so boy and girl scouts trail shelter these groundbreaking works were by the pioneers in german feminist linguistics senta trömel plötz and luise f pusch footnotes edit 1 2 stötzel 1995 p 518 holmes 2008 p 551 baron 1987 p 6 1 2 bodine 1975 cameron 1998 leue 2000 hellinger 2013 p 3 klass 2010 p 2 4 brenner 2008 p 5 6 there are at least two more that are implicitly inclusive rather than explicitly inclusive lehrkräfte lit teaching staff members and at least grammatically feasible lehrende lit teaching ones stötzel 1995 p 537 hammond alex 9 may 2013 ten things you might not have known about the english language oup english language teaching global blog oup retrieved 18 february 2018 1 2 stefanowitsch anatol 2018 06 09 gendergap und gendersternchen in der gesprochenen sprache gender gap and gender star in spoken german sprachlog in german retrieved 2019 04 04 steinhauer anja diewald gabriele 1 october 2017 richtig gendern wie sie angemessen und verständlich schreiben gendering correctly how to write appropriately and understandably berlin bibliographisches institut duden p 46 isbn 978 3 411 91250 6 oclc 1011112208 ids corpus linguistics anglicism of the year 2018 retrieved 2019 04 05 pusch luise f 8 march 2019 debatte geschlechtergerechte sprache eine für alle debate gender appropriate language one for all die tageszeitung taz in german retrieved 2019 05 17 references edit baron dennis e july 1987 grammar and gender new haven yale university press isbn 978 0 300 03883 5 oclc 780952035 retrieved 15 february 2018 bodine anne 1975 androcentrism in prescriptive grammar singular they sex indefinite he and he or she language in society 4 2 129 146 doi 10 1017 s0047404500004607 oclc 4668940636 s2cid 146362006 brenner julia 2008 männersprache frauensprache geschlechtsspezifische kommunikation men s language women s language gender specific communication student thesis in german munich grin verlag isbn 978 3 638 90475 9 oclc 724724124 retrieved 15 february 2018 bibliographisches institut f a brockhaus 2011 richtiges und gutes deutsch das wörterbuch der sprachlichen zweifelsfälle correct and good german usage guide der duden in zwölf bänden das standartwerk zur deutschen sprache in german vol 9 7 vollständig überarbeitete auflage completely revised 7th ed mannheim dudenverlag p 418 isbn 978 3411040971 oclc 800628904 cameron deborah 1998 9 androcentrism in prescriptive grammar singular they sex indefinite he and he or she the feminist critique of language a reader 2 ed london psychology press isbn 978 0 415 16400 9 oclc 635293367 retrieved 15 february 2018 hellinger marlis bußmann hadumod 10 april 2003 gender across languages the linguistic representation of women and men studies in language and society 11 vol 3 amsterdam john benjamins publishing isbn 90 272 9681 2 oclc 977855991 retrieved 16 february 2018 hellinger marlis 8 march 2013 sprachwandel und feministische sprachpolitik internationale perspektiven in german opladen west deutscher verlag isbn 978 3 322 83937 4 oclc 715231718 retrieved 15 february 2018 pauwels anne 15 april 2008 24 linguistic sexism and feminist linguistic activism in holmes janet meyerhoff miriam eds the handbook of language and 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des öffentlichen sprachgebrauchs in der bundesrepublik deutschland in german vol 4 berlin walter de gruyter isbn 978 3 11 014106 1 oclc 802718544 retrieved 5 january 2018 further reading edit hurley natasha and susanne luhmann the capital i feminism language circulation in abbt christine kammasch tim 2009 punkt punkt komma strich geste gestalt und bedeutung philosophischer zeichensetzung period period comma dash gesture form and meaning of philosophical punctuation edition moderne postmoderne bielefeld transcript pp 215 228 isbn 978 3 89942 988 6 oclc 427326653 retrieved 23 march 2018 external links edit sprach feminismus in german v t e feminism history timeline first wave second wave timeline third wave fourth wave social bicycling and feminism feminist history women s history timeline of women s legal rights other than voting women s suffrage timeline australia canada japan kuwait majority muslim countries new zealand switzerland united kingdom wales united states timeline african 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